musculoskeletal anatomy- bones Flashcards
1
Q
what are five functions of bones?
A
- support
- protection
- storage of triglycerides and minerals
- blood cell production
- movement
2
Q
how many bones make up the skeleton?
A
206
3
Q
what makes up the axial skeleton?
A
- skull
- vertebral column
- ribcage
4
Q
what makes up the appendicular skeleton?
A
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
- shoulder (pectoral) girdle
- pelvic girdle
5
Q
what are the different bone shapes?
A
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
6
Q
what are examples of flat bones?
A
sternum, ribs, scapula and skull bones
7
Q
what are examples of long bones?
A
most limb bones eg. humerus and clavicles
8
Q
what are examples of short bones?
A
tarsals, carpals
9
Q
what type of bone is the patella?
A
sesamoid
10
Q
what are examples of irregular bones?
A
vertebrae, hip bones
11
Q
what is tuberosity as a projection?
A
round and roughened
12
Q
what is trochanter as a projection?
A
large, irregular
13
Q
what is tubercle as a projection?
A
small, rounded
14
Q
what is spine as a projection?
A
pointed (slender, sharp)
15
Q
what is process as a projection?
A
bony prominence (bump)
16
Q
what is crest as a projection?
A
prominent bony ridge
17
Q
what is epicondyle as a projection?
A
raised area on or above a condyle
18
Q
what is malleolus as a projection?
A
shaped like a hammer head
19
Q
what types of tissue does bone contain?
A
- connective
- nervous
- muscle and epithelial
20
Q
what is connective tissue composed of?
A
osseous tissue, adipose tissue and hyaline cartilage (growth plates)
21
Q
is compact bone or spongy bone lighter?
A
spongy
22
Q
what are the two types of bone growth?
A
-interstitial and appositional
23
Q
does interstitial or appositional growth lengthen bones?
A
interstitial
24
Q
does interstitial or appositional growth widen bones?
A
appositional
25
what is bone deposition?
osteoblasts produce new matrix
26
what is bone resorption?
osteoclasts break down old matrix
27
what is a comminuted fracture?
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
28
what is a compression fracture?
bone is crushed
29
what is a green stick fracture?
incomplete break
30
what is a spiral fracture?
ragged break that occurs with excessive twisting
31
what is an epiphyseal fracture?
bones break along epiphyseal plate
32
what is a Colles fracture?
break at distal end of radius
33
what is a scaphoid fracture?
common carpal bone fracture
34
what is a Pott's fracture?
fracture of both tibia and fibula
35
what is a transverse fracture?
bone completely breaks across diaphysis (shaft)
36
what is a depressed fracture?
broken bone is pressed inwards
37
what is an avulsion fracture?
tendon or ligament pulls off fragment of bone
38
what is a pathological fracture?
caused by a disease that weakens bone structure eg. osteoporosis
39
what are three steps of fracture treatment?
1. reduction
2. immobilisation
3. rehab
40
what are the four steps of fracture repair?
1. haematoma forms
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. bony callus of spongy bone forms
4. bone remodelling
41
how can joints be functionally classified?
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
42
how much movement is there for a synarthrosis joint?
immovable
43
how much movement is there for a amphiarthrosis joint?
slightly moveable
44
how much movement is there for a diarthrosis joint?
freely moveable
45
how can joints be structurally classified?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
46
what are six features that define a synovial joint?
- articular capsule
- joint (synovial) cavity
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage
- sensory neurons and blood vessels
- reinforcing ligaments
47
what does synovial fluid do?
- shock absorption
- reduces friction
- supplies oxygen and nutrients
48
what does the joint cavity do?
separates articulating bones and contains synovial fluid
49
what does the articular capsule do?
surrounds entire joint and encloses joint cavity
50
what does the reinforcing ligaments do?
stabilise joint
51
what does articular cartilage in a synovial joint do?
- covers ends of bone
- shock absorption
- reduces friction
52
what are the two layers of the articular capsule?
- tough outer fibrous layer
| - inner synovial membrane
53
what does the tough outer fibrous layer of the articular capsule do?
stabilises articulating bones
54
what does the inner synovial membrane of the articular capsule do?
produces synovial fluid
55
what are some additional structures of the synovial joint?
- menisci
- bones and tendon sheaths
- fat pads
- muscle tendons
56
what does the menisci do in a synovial joint?
- stabilises
- reduce friction
- shocks absorption
57
what does the fat pads do in a synovial joint?
cushions and protects joint
58
what does the bones and tissue sheaths do in a synovial joint?
reduces friction between adjacent joint structures
59
what does the muscle tendons do in a synovial joint?
stabilises
60
what are the six types of synovial joints?
- pivot
- condylar
- plane
- hinge
- saddle
- ball and socket
61
what type of movement does a pivot joint allow?
rotation
62
what type of movement does a condylar joint allow?
- flexion/extension
- adduction/abduction
- circumduction
63
what type of movement does a plane joint allow?
gliding movements
64
what type of movement does a saddle joint allow?
- flexion/extension
- adduction/abduction
- circumstances
65
what type of movement does a hinge joint allow?
flexion/extension
66
what type of movement does a ball and socket joint allow?
- flexion/extension
- adduction/abduction
- circumduction
- rotation
67
what are skeletal muscles composed of?
- muscle cells
- connective tissue
- blood vessels
- nerves
68
what are examples of a pivot joint?
proximal radioulnar and atlas-axis joints
69
what are examples of a plane joint?
intercarpal/tarsals
70
what are examples of a hinge joint?
- elbow
- knee
- ankle
- interphalangeal (finger)
71
what are examples of a condylar joint?
- metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)
| - wrist
72
what are examples of a saddle joint?
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
73
what are examples of a ball and socket joint?
- shoulder
| - hip
74
what are the three tissue sheaths that surround muscle fibres?
- endomysium
- perimysium
- epimysium
75
what does the endomysium surround?
each individual muscle fibre
76
what does the perimysium surround?
surrounds a bundle (fascicle) of muscle fibres
77
whats the name for a bundle of muscle fibres?
fascicle
78
what does the epimysium surround?
surrounds entire skeletal muscle
79
what is the myofibrils composed of?
contractile units called sarcomeres
80
what are sarcomeres composed of?
contractile proteins called thick and thin myofilaments
81
what are thick myofilaments composed of?
protein myosin
82
what are thin myofilaments composed of?
protein actin
