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human structure and function > musculoskeletal anatomy- bones > Flashcards

musculoskeletal anatomy- bones Flashcards

1
Q

what are five functions of bones?

A
  • support
  • protection
  • storage of triglycerides and minerals
  • blood cell production
  • movement
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2
Q

how many bones make up the skeleton?

A

206

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3
Q

what makes up the axial skeleton?

A
  • skull
  • vertebral column
  • ribcage
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4
Q

what makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • upper limbs
  • lower limbs
  • shoulder (pectoral) girdle
  • pelvic girdle
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5
Q

what are the different bone shapes?

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
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6
Q

what are examples of flat bones?

A

sternum, ribs, scapula and skull bones

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7
Q

what are examples of long bones?

A

most limb bones eg. humerus and clavicles

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8
Q

what are examples of short bones?

A

tarsals, carpals

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9
Q

what type of bone is the patella?

A

sesamoid

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10
Q

what are examples of irregular bones?

A

vertebrae, hip bones

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11
Q

what is tuberosity as a projection?

A

round and roughened

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12
Q

what is trochanter as a projection?

A

large, irregular

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13
Q

what is tubercle as a projection?

A

small, rounded

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14
Q

what is spine as a projection?

A

pointed (slender, sharp)

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15
Q

what is process as a projection?

A

bony prominence (bump)

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16
Q

what is crest as a projection?

A

prominent bony ridge

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17
Q

what is epicondyle as a projection?

A

raised area on or above a condyle

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18
Q

what is malleolus as a projection?

A

shaped like a hammer head

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19
Q

what types of tissue does bone contain?

A
  • connective
  • nervous
  • muscle and epithelial
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20
Q

what is connective tissue composed of?

A

osseous tissue, adipose tissue and hyaline cartilage (growth plates)

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21
Q

is compact bone or spongy bone lighter?

A

spongy

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22
Q

what are the two types of bone growth?

A

-interstitial and appositional

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23
Q

does interstitial or appositional growth lengthen bones?

A

interstitial

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24
Q

does interstitial or appositional growth widen bones?

A

appositional

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25
Q

what is bone deposition?

A

osteoblasts produce new matrix

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26
Q

what is bone resorption?

A

osteoclasts break down old matrix

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27
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

bone fragments into 3 or more pieces

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28
Q

what is a compression fracture?

A

bone is crushed

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29
Q

what is a green stick fracture?

A

incomplete break

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30
Q

what is a spiral fracture?

A

ragged break that occurs with excessive twisting

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31
Q

what is an epiphyseal fracture?

A

bones break along epiphyseal plate

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32
Q

what is a Colles fracture?

A

break at distal end of radius

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33
Q

what is a scaphoid fracture?

A

common carpal bone fracture

34
Q

what is a Pott’s fracture?

A

fracture of both tibia and fibula

35
Q

what is a transverse fracture?

A

bone completely breaks across diaphysis (shaft)

36
Q

what is a depressed fracture?

A

broken bone is pressed inwards

37
Q

what is an avulsion fracture?

A

tendon or ligament pulls off fragment of bone

38
Q

what is a pathological fracture?

A

caused by a disease that weakens bone structure eg. osteoporosis

39
Q

what are three steps of fracture treatment?

A
  1. reduction
  2. immobilisation
  3. rehab
40
Q

what are the four steps of fracture repair?

A
  1. haematoma forms
  2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
  3. bony callus of spongy bone forms
  4. bone remodelling
41
Q

how can joints be functionally classified?

A
  • synarthrosis
  • amphiarthrosis
  • diarthrosis
42
Q

how much movement is there for a synarthrosis joint?

43
Q

how much movement is there for a amphiarthrosis joint?

A

slightly moveable

44
Q

how much movement is there for a diarthrosis joint?

A

freely moveable

45
Q

how can joints be structurally classified?

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
46
Q

what are six features that define a synovial joint?

A
  • articular capsule
  • joint (synovial) cavity
  • synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage
  • sensory neurons and blood vessels
  • reinforcing ligaments
47
Q

what does synovial fluid do?

A
  • shock absorption
  • reduces friction
  • supplies oxygen and nutrients
48
Q

what does the joint cavity do?

A

separates articulating bones and contains synovial fluid

49
Q

what does the articular capsule do?

A

surrounds entire joint and encloses joint cavity

50
Q

what does the reinforcing ligaments do?

A

stabilise joint

51
Q

what does articular cartilage in a synovial joint do?

A
  • covers ends of bone
  • shock absorption
  • reduces friction
52
Q

what are the two layers of the articular capsule?

A
  • tough outer fibrous layer

- inner synovial membrane

53
Q

what does the tough outer fibrous layer of the articular capsule do?

A

stabilises articulating bones

54
Q

what does the inner synovial membrane of the articular capsule do?

A

produces synovial fluid

55
Q

what are some additional structures of the synovial joint?

A
  • menisci
  • bones and tendon sheaths
  • fat pads
  • muscle tendons
56
Q

what does the menisci do in a synovial joint?

A
  • stabilises
  • reduce friction
  • shocks absorption
57
Q

what does the fat pads do in a synovial joint?

A

cushions and protects joint

58
Q

what does the bones and tissue sheaths do in a synovial joint?

A

reduces friction between adjacent joint structures

59
Q

what does the muscle tendons do in a synovial joint?

A

stabilises

60
Q

what are the six types of synovial joints?

A
  • pivot
  • condylar
  • plane
  • hinge
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
61
Q

what type of movement does a pivot joint allow?

62
Q

what type of movement does a condylar joint allow?

A
  • flexion/extension
  • adduction/abduction
  • circumduction
63
Q

what type of movement does a plane joint allow?

A

gliding movements

64
Q

what type of movement does a saddle joint allow?

A
  • flexion/extension
  • adduction/abduction
  • circumstances
65
Q

what type of movement does a hinge joint allow?

A

flexion/extension

66
Q

what type of movement does a ball and socket joint allow?

A
  • flexion/extension
  • adduction/abduction
  • circumduction
  • rotation
67
Q

what are skeletal muscles composed of?

A
  • muscle cells
  • connective tissue
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
68
Q

what are examples of a pivot joint?

A

proximal radioulnar and atlas-axis joints

69
Q

what are examples of a plane joint?

A

intercarpal/tarsals

70
Q

what are examples of a hinge joint?

A
  • elbow
  • knee
  • ankle
  • interphalangeal (finger)
71
Q

what are examples of a condylar joint?

A
  • metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)

- wrist

72
Q

what are examples of a saddle joint?

A

carpometacarpal joint of thumb

73
Q

what are examples of a ball and socket joint?

A
  • shoulder

- hip

74
Q

what are the three tissue sheaths that surround muscle fibres?

A
  • endomysium
  • perimysium
  • epimysium
75
Q

what does the endomysium surround?

A

each individual muscle fibre

76
Q

what does the perimysium surround?

A

surrounds a bundle (fascicle) of muscle fibres

77
Q

whats the name for a bundle of muscle fibres?

78
Q

what does the epimysium surround?

A

surrounds entire skeletal muscle

79
Q

what is the myofibrils composed of?

A

contractile units called sarcomeres

80
Q

what are sarcomeres composed of?

A

contractile proteins called thick and thin myofilaments

81
Q

what are thick myofilaments composed of?

A

protein myosin

82
Q

what are thin myofilaments composed of?

A

protein actin

human structure and function (21 decks)

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