musculoskeletal anatomy- bones Flashcards
what are five functions of bones?
- support
- protection
- storage of triglycerides and minerals
- blood cell production
- movement
how many bones make up the skeleton?
206
what makes up the axial skeleton?
- skull
- vertebral column
- ribcage
what makes up the appendicular skeleton?
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
- shoulder (pectoral) girdle
- pelvic girdle
what are the different bone shapes?
- long
- short
- flat
- irregular
what are examples of flat bones?
sternum, ribs, scapula and skull bones
what are examples of long bones?
most limb bones eg. humerus and clavicles
what are examples of short bones?
tarsals, carpals
what type of bone is the patella?
sesamoid
what are examples of irregular bones?
vertebrae, hip bones
what is tuberosity as a projection?
round and roughened
what is trochanter as a projection?
large, irregular
what is tubercle as a projection?
small, rounded
what is spine as a projection?
pointed (slender, sharp)
what is process as a projection?
bony prominence (bump)
what is crest as a projection?
prominent bony ridge
what is epicondyle as a projection?
raised area on or above a condyle
what is malleolus as a projection?
shaped like a hammer head
what types of tissue does bone contain?
- connective
- nervous
- muscle and epithelial
what is connective tissue composed of?
osseous tissue, adipose tissue and hyaline cartilage (growth plates)
is compact bone or spongy bone lighter?
spongy
what are the two types of bone growth?
-interstitial and appositional
does interstitial or appositional growth lengthen bones?
interstitial
does interstitial or appositional growth widen bones?
appositional
what is bone deposition?
osteoblasts produce new matrix
what is bone resorption?
osteoclasts break down old matrix
what is a comminuted fracture?
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
what is a compression fracture?
bone is crushed
what is a green stick fracture?
incomplete break
what is a spiral fracture?
ragged break that occurs with excessive twisting
what is an epiphyseal fracture?
bones break along epiphyseal plate
what is a Colles fracture?
break at distal end of radius
what is a scaphoid fracture?
common carpal bone fracture
what is a Pott’s fracture?
fracture of both tibia and fibula
what is a transverse fracture?
bone completely breaks across diaphysis (shaft)
what is a depressed fracture?
broken bone is pressed inwards
what is an avulsion fracture?
tendon or ligament pulls off fragment of bone
what is a pathological fracture?
caused by a disease that weakens bone structure eg. osteoporosis
what are three steps of fracture treatment?
- reduction
- immobilisation
- rehab
what are the four steps of fracture repair?
- haematoma forms
- fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- bony callus of spongy bone forms
- bone remodelling
how can joints be functionally classified?
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
how much movement is there for a synarthrosis joint?
immovable
how much movement is there for a amphiarthrosis joint?
slightly moveable
how much movement is there for a diarthrosis joint?
freely moveable
how can joints be structurally classified?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
what are six features that define a synovial joint?
- articular capsule
- joint (synovial) cavity
- synovial fluid
- articular cartilage
- sensory neurons and blood vessels
- reinforcing ligaments
what does synovial fluid do?
- shock absorption
- reduces friction
- supplies oxygen and nutrients
what does the joint cavity do?
separates articulating bones and contains synovial fluid
what does the articular capsule do?
surrounds entire joint and encloses joint cavity
what does the reinforcing ligaments do?
stabilise joint
what does articular cartilage in a synovial joint do?
- covers ends of bone
- shock absorption
- reduces friction
what are the two layers of the articular capsule?
- tough outer fibrous layer
- inner synovial membrane
what does the tough outer fibrous layer of the articular capsule do?
stabilises articulating bones
what does the inner synovial membrane of the articular capsule do?
produces synovial fluid
what are some additional structures of the synovial joint?
- menisci
- bones and tendon sheaths
- fat pads
- muscle tendons
what does the menisci do in a synovial joint?
- stabilises
- reduce friction
- shocks absorption
what does the fat pads do in a synovial joint?
cushions and protects joint
what does the bones and tissue sheaths do in a synovial joint?
reduces friction between adjacent joint structures
what does the muscle tendons do in a synovial joint?
stabilises
what are the six types of synovial joints?
- pivot
- condylar
- plane
- hinge
- saddle
- ball and socket
what type of movement does a pivot joint allow?
rotation
what type of movement does a condylar joint allow?
- flexion/extension
- adduction/abduction
- circumduction
what type of movement does a plane joint allow?
gliding movements
what type of movement does a saddle joint allow?
- flexion/extension
- adduction/abduction
- circumstances
what type of movement does a hinge joint allow?
flexion/extension
what type of movement does a ball and socket joint allow?
- flexion/extension
- adduction/abduction
- circumduction
- rotation
what are skeletal muscles composed of?
- muscle cells
- connective tissue
- blood vessels
- nerves
what are examples of a pivot joint?
proximal radioulnar and atlas-axis joints
what are examples of a plane joint?
intercarpal/tarsals
what are examples of a hinge joint?
- elbow
- knee
- ankle
- interphalangeal (finger)
what are examples of a condylar joint?
- metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)
- wrist
what are examples of a saddle joint?
carpometacarpal joint of thumb
what are examples of a ball and socket joint?
- shoulder
- hip
what are the three tissue sheaths that surround muscle fibres?
- endomysium
- perimysium
- epimysium
what does the endomysium surround?
each individual muscle fibre
what does the perimysium surround?
surrounds a bundle (fascicle) of muscle fibres
whats the name for a bundle of muscle fibres?
fascicle
what does the epimysium surround?
surrounds entire skeletal muscle
what is the myofibrils composed of?
contractile units called sarcomeres
what are sarcomeres composed of?
contractile proteins called thick and thin myofilaments
what are thick myofilaments composed of?
protein myosin
what are thin myofilaments composed of?
protein actin
