nervous system

Question 1

what are the three main functions that maintain homeostasis in the nervous system?

Answer 1

• sensory function
• integrative function
• motor function

Question 2

what does sensory function detect?

Answer 2

sensory input

Question 3

what does integrative function analyse and interpret?

Answer 3

sensory input and determines appropriate responses

Question 4

what does motor function issue?

Answer 4

motor output to activate an effector

Question 5

what is sensory input detected by?

Answer 5

general and special sensory receptors

Question 6

where are general sensory receptors located?

Answer 6

skin, skeletal muscles, tendons, joints and visceral organs

Question 7

what are the types of general sensory receptors?

Answer 7

• thermoreceptors
• nociceptors
• mechanoreceptors

Question 8

what do thermoreceptors detect?

Answer 8

changes in temp

Question 9

what do nociceptors detect?

Answer 9

painful stimuli

Question 10

what are the different types of mechanoreceptors?

Answer 10

• tactile receptors
• baroreceptors
• proprioceptors

Question 11

what do tactile receptors detect?

Answer 11

touch, pressure and vibration stimuli

Question 12

what do baroreceptors detect?

Answer 12

changes in blood pressure

Question 13

what do proprioceptors detect?

Answer 13

changes in body position

Question 14

where are special sensory receptors located?

Answer 14

eyes, ears, mouth and nose

Question 15

what are the types of special sensory receptors?

Answer 15

• photoreceptors
• chemoreceptors
• mechanoreceptors called hair cells

Question 16

what do photoreceptors detect?

Answer 16

light (vision)

Question 17

what do chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 17

chemicals in solution (taste and smell)

Question 18

what do special sensory mechanoreceptors (hair cells) detect?

Answer 18

hearing and balance stimuli

Question 19

what is motor output?

Answer 19

activates a specific muscle or gland to cause a response

Question 20

what does the CNS consist of?

Answer 20

brain and spinal cord

Question 21

what does the PNS consist of?

Answer 21

sensory receptors and the cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves that link all parts of the body to the CNS

Question 22

what are the two functional divisions of the PNS?

Answer 22

sensory and motor division

Question 23

what does the sensory division convey?

Answer 23

sensory input from receptors to the CNS

Question 24

what does the motor division convey?

Answer 24

conveys motor output from the CNS to a muscle or gland

Question 25

what does the autonomic nervous system convey?

Answer 25

'automatic' motor output from the CNS to the body's glands, cardiac and smooth muscles

Question 26

what does the somatic nervous system convey?

Answer 26

'somatic' motor output from the CNS to body's skeletal muscles

Question 27

what does sympathetic division control?

Answer 27

'fight or flight' activities

Question 28

what does sympathetic division activate?

Answer 28

activates body functions that support physical activity and inhibit those that don't eg. increase heart rate

Question 29

what are the two functional systems of motor division?

Answer 29

autonomic and somatic nervous systems

Question 30

what are the two functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 30

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

Question 31

what does parasympathetic division control?

Answer 31

rest and digest

Question 32

what is neural tissue mostly composed of?

Answer 32

neuroglia and neurons

Question 33

what are the two types of neuroglia found in the PNS?

Answer 33

- satellite cells | - schwann cells

Question 34

what are the four types of neuroglia found in the CNS?

Answer 34

- ependymal cells - oligodendrocytes - astrocytes - microglia

Question 35

what are the four common parts of a neuron?

Answer 35

- dendrites - cell body - axon (fibre) - axon terminals

Question 36

are dendrites involved in short or long processes?

Answer 36

short

Question 37

what is the main receptive area of a neuron?

Answer 37

dendrites

Question 38

what does the dendrites convert info they receive into?

Answer 38

graded potential

Question 39

where does graded potential generated by the dendrites travel to to be integrated?

Answer 39

cell body

Question 40

where does the cell body convey info to after it is graded?

Answer 40

initial segment

Question 41

what is the conducting region of a neuron?

Answer 41

axon

Question 42

where are action potentials generated and conducted in a neuron?

Answer 42

axon

Question 43

what does myelin increase?

Answer 43

speed of signal conduction

Question 44

what are segments of myelin separated by?

Answer 44

bypasses called nodes of ranvier

Question 45

what do axon terminal form with another cell?

Answer 45

synapse

Question 46

what is the secretory region of a neuron?

Answer 46

axon terminals

Question 47

what does the axon terminals contain?

Answer 47

contain synaptic vesicles which store and release neurotransmitters

Question 48

what are neuron cell bodies clustered in the CNS called?

Answer 48

nuclei (nucleus)

Question 49

what are neuron cell bodies clustered in the PNS called?

Answer 49

ganglia (ganglion)

Question 50

what are neuron axons that are bundled together in the CNS called?

Answer 50

tracts

Question 51

what are neuron axons that are bundled together in the PNS called?

Answer 51

nerves

Question 52

what are the different structural classifications of neurons?

Answer 52

- multipolar - bipolar - unipolar

Question 53

where are multipolar neurons found?

Answer 53

CNS and PNS

Question 54

where are bipolar neurons found?

Answer 54

special sense organs (rare)

Question 55

where are unipolar neurons found?

Answer 55

PNS

Question 56

what type of structure are sensory neurons?

Answer 56

unipolar

Question 57

what type of structure are interneurons?

Answer 57

multipolar

Question 58

what do sensory neurons do?

Answer 58

conduct sensory input from receptors to the CNS

Question 59

what do interneurons do?

Answer 59

conduct info within the CNS

Question 60

what do motor neurons do?

Answer 60

conduct motor output away from CNS to a muscle or gland

Question 61

what type of structure are motor neurons?

Answer 61

multipolar

Question 62

what type of neurons conduct somatic motor output?

Answer 62

lower motor neurons

Question 63

what type of neurons conduct automatic motor output?

Answer 63

preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Question 64

what does potential energy =?

Answer 64

voltage

Question 65

is the interior of the membrane positive or negative?

Answer 65

negative

Question 66

is the exterior of the membrane positive or negative?

Answer 66

positive

Question 67

what is the membrane potential?

Answer 67

the potential energy separating the charges of the interior and exterior

Question 68

when does a change in membrane potential occur?

Answer 68

when ions flow through specific ion channels across membrane

Question 69

what are the two main types of ion channels?

Answer 69

leakage and gated channels

Question 70

what are the types of gated channels?

Answer 70

- chemically - mechanically - voltage-gated channels

Question 71

what does a chemically-gated channel open in response to?

Answer 71

a chemical stimulus eg. neurotransmitter

Question 72

where are chemically-gated channels located on a neuron?

Answer 72

dendrites and cell body

Question 73

what does a mechanically-gated channel open in response to?

Answer 73

a mechanical stimulus eg. touch, vibration and pressure

Question 74

what does a voltage-gated channel open and close in response to?

Answer 74

voltage changes

Question 75

where are mechanically-gated channels located on a neuron?

Answer 75

dendrites

Question 76

where are voltage-gated channels located on a neuron?

Answer 76

axon and axon terminals

Question 77

what is the resting membrane potential?

Answer 77

approx -70mV

Question 78

what are the two types of signals of the nervous system?

Answer 78

- graded potential | - action potential (nerve impulses)

Question 79

is a graded potential a short or long distance signal?

Answer 79

short

Question 80

is an action potential a short or long distance signal?

Answer 80

long

Question 81

where do graded potentials originate?

Answer 81

dendrites or cell body

Question 82

what does the graded potential stimulate?

Answer 82

voltage-gated Na+ channels to open

Question 83

where do action potentials originate?

Answer 83

initial segment

Question 84

what type of gated channels are involved with graded potential?

Answer 84

chemically or mechanically-gated channels

Question 85

what type of gated channels are involved with action potential?

Answer 85

voltage-gated channels

Question 86

what happens to the membrane potential when depolarisation occurs?

Answer 86

becomes less negative

Question 87

what is the threshold of depolarisation?

Answer 87

-55mV

Question 88

what occurs at the threshold during depolarisation?

Answer 88

voltage-gated Na+ channels at initial segment open and Na+ ions diffuse into ICF

Question 89

during repolarisation at a membrane potential of +30mV what occurs?

Answer 89

voltage-gated Na+ channels close and voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ ions diffuse out of ICF

Question 90

after K+ ions leave the ICF what happens to the membrane potential?

Answer 90

loss of positive ions returns the membrane potential to -70mV

Question 91

what happens to the membrane potential during hyperpolarisation?

Answer 91

becomes more negative and shifts from -70mV to -90mV

Question 92

what occurs during hyperpolarisation?

Answer 92

voltage-gated K+ channels slowly close

Question 93

where does continuous conduction occur?

Answer 93

unmyelinated axons

Question 94

where does saltatory conduction occur?

Answer 94

myelinated axons

Question 95

where are action potentials generated in continuous conduction?

Answer 95

voltage-gated channels along length of axon

Question 96

where are action potentials generated in saltatory conduction?

Answer 96

nodes of ranvier