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autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic system?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

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2
Q

what does the sympathetic system do?

A

prepares body for heightened activity, fight or flight

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3
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do?

A

stimulates abdominal visceral activity, conserves energy, rest and digest

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4
Q

how do somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ?

A
  • neural (efferent) pathways
  • effectors (target organs)
  • organ response
  • neurotransmitters
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5
Q

what is the control centre of the somatic nervous system?

A

primary motor cortex

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6
Q

what is the control centre of the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

what are the central neurons of the somatic nervous system?

A

upper motor neurons

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8
Q

what are the central neurons of the autonomic nervous system?

A

CNS interneurons

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9
Q

what are the peripheral motor neurons of the somatic nervous system?

A

lower motor neurons

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10
Q

what are the peripheral motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system?

A

pre/post-ganglionic neurons

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11
Q

what are the targets of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscles

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12
Q

what are the targets of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
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13
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary movement, somatic reflexes

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14
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary control of:
-visceral organ function
-glandular activity
visceral reflexes

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15
Q

what are the similarities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A
  • serve many of the same organs
  • involve pre/post-ganglionic neurons
  • pre-ganglionic neurons release ACh
  • presence of ganglia
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16
Q

what are the differences of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A
  • both divisions do not innervate all organs
  • location of pre-ganglionic cell bodies and axon exit points from the CNS
  • location of ganglia
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17
Q

what is the parasympathetic division also called?

A

craniosacral division

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18
Q

what is the sympathetic division also called?

A

thoracolumbar division

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19
Q

are the pre-ganglionic axons long or short in parasympathetic division?

A

long

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20
Q

are the post-ganglionic axons long or short in parasympathetic division?

A

short

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21
Q

are the pre-ganglionic axons long or short in sympathetic division?

A

short

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22
Q

are the post-ganglionic axons long or short in sympathetic division?

A

long

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23
Q

what are the cranial pathways of the parasympathetic division?

A
  • CN III oculomotor nerve
  • CN VII facial
  • CN IX glossopharyngeal
  • CN X vagus
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24
Q

is the ganglia in parasympathetic division close or far from the target organ?

A

close

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25
is the ganglia in sympathetic division close or far from the target organ?
far
26
are sympathetic effects close or widespread?
widespread
27
what does the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic division release into the blood?
noradrenaline and adrenaline
28
what does noradrenaline and adrenaline released by the adrenal medulla do?
enhances and prolongs sympathetic effects
29
what neurotransmitter/s do pre-ganglionic neurons of the autonomic systems release?
ACh
30
what neurotransmitter/s do post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division release?
noradrenaline
31
what neurotransmitter/s do post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division release?
ACh
32
what neurotransmitters do peripheral motor neurons use?
either acetylcholine or noradrenaline
33
what are receptors that bind acetylcholine called?
cholinergic receptors
34
what are receptors that bind noradrenaline (and adrenaline) called?
adrenergic receptors
35
what are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
nicotinic and muscarinic
36
what are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
alpha and beta
37
what is the effect of the neurotransmitter binding to a nicotinic receptor?
excitation, increased activity of target
38
what is the effect of the neurotransmitter binding to a muscarinic receptor?
- excitation of most targets | - inhibition of cardiac muscle, decreased activity
39
what is the location of muscarinic receptors?
all parasympathetic target organs
40
what is the location of nicotinic receptors?
- all ANS post-ganglionic neurons - adrenal medullary cells - skeletal muscles
41
are the two types of adrenergic receptors excitatory or inhibitory?
either excitatory or inhibitory
42
does an excitatory postsynaptic potential depolarise or hyperpolarise?
depolarise
43
does an inhibitory postsynaptic potential depolarise or hyperpolarise?
hyperpolarise
44
does an EPSP increase or decrease target activity?
increases
45
does an IPSP increase or decrease target activity?
decreases
46
what do agonists do to target neurotransmitter receptors?
drugs that mimic the action of the NT
47
what do antagonists do to target neurotransmitter receptors?
drugs that bind to the receptor and block the action of NT
48
what does noradrenaline stimulate?
reward and pleasure, reducing stress and enhancing attention
49
what does dopamine stimulate?
reward and pleasure
50
what are low levels of dopamine associated with?
depression
51
what does serotonin stimulate?
mood regulation, sleep, appetite, sexual desire and function
52
what are low levels of serotonin associated with?
depression
53
what does acetylcholine control?
motor control outside the CNS
54
what are biogenic amines associated with?
emotional behaviour
55
what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain?
GABA(y-aminobutyric acid)
56
what does GABA(y-aminobutyric acid) help regulate?
sleep/wakefulness
57
what is glutamate involved in?
learning and memory
58
why is substance P produced?
by damaged tissue
59
what does substance P stimulate and mediate?
peripheral nociceptors and mediates pain transmission to the CNS
60
what do endorphins inhibit?
perceptions of pain in the CNS

human structure and function (21 decks)

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