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human structure and function > autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters > Flashcards

autonomic nervous system and neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic system?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

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2
Q

what does the sympathetic system do?

A

prepares body for heightened activity, fight or flight

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3
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do?

A

stimulates abdominal visceral activity, conserves energy, rest and digest

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4
Q

how do somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ?

A
  • neural (efferent) pathways
  • effectors (target organs)
  • organ response
  • neurotransmitters
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5
Q

what is the control centre of the somatic nervous system?

A

primary motor cortex

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6
Q

what is the control centre of the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

what are the central neurons of the somatic nervous system?

A

upper motor neurons

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8
Q

what are the central neurons of the autonomic nervous system?

A

CNS interneurons

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9
Q

what are the peripheral motor neurons of the somatic nervous system?

A

lower motor neurons

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10
Q

what are the peripheral motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system?

A

pre/post-ganglionic neurons

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11
Q

what are the targets of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscles

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12
Q

what are the targets of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
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13
Q

what is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary movement, somatic reflexes

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14
Q

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary control of:
-visceral organ function
-glandular activity
visceral reflexes

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15
Q

what are the similarities of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A
  • serve many of the same organs
  • involve pre/post-ganglionic neurons
  • pre-ganglionic neurons release ACh
  • presence of ganglia
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16
Q

what are the differences of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A
  • both divisions do not innervate all organs
  • location of pre-ganglionic cell bodies and axon exit points from the CNS
  • location of ganglia
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17
Q

what is the parasympathetic division also called?

A

craniosacral division

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18
Q

what is the sympathetic division also called?

A

thoracolumbar division

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19
Q

are the pre-ganglionic axons long or short in parasympathetic division?

A

long

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20
Q

are the post-ganglionic axons long or short in parasympathetic division?

A

short

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21
Q

are the pre-ganglionic axons long or short in sympathetic division?

A

short

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22
Q

are the post-ganglionic axons long or short in sympathetic division?

A

long

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23
Q

what are the cranial pathways of the parasympathetic division?

A
  • CN III oculomotor nerve
  • CN VII facial
  • CN IX glossopharyngeal
  • CN X vagus
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24
Q

is the ganglia in parasympathetic division close or far from the target organ?

A

close

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25
Q

is the ganglia in sympathetic division close or far from the target organ?

26
Q

are sympathetic effects close or widespread?

A

widespread

27
Q

what does the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic division release into the blood?

A

noradrenaline and adrenaline

28
Q

what does noradrenaline and adrenaline released by the adrenal medulla do?

A

enhances and prolongs sympathetic effects

29
Q

what neurotransmitter/s do pre-ganglionic neurons of the autonomic systems release?

30
Q

what neurotransmitter/s do post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division release?

A

noradrenaline

31
Q

what neurotransmitter/s do post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division release?

32
Q

what neurotransmitters do peripheral motor neurons use?

A

either acetylcholine or noradrenaline

33
Q

what are receptors that bind acetylcholine called?

A

cholinergic receptors

34
Q

what are receptors that bind noradrenaline (and adrenaline) called?

A

adrenergic receptors

35
Q

what are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

36
Q

what are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta

37
Q

what is the effect of the neurotransmitter binding to a nicotinic receptor?

A

excitation, increased activity of target

38
Q

what is the effect of the neurotransmitter binding to a muscarinic receptor?

A
  • excitation of most targets

- inhibition of cardiac muscle, decreased activity

39
Q

what is the location of muscarinic receptors?

A

all parasympathetic target organs

40
Q

what is the location of nicotinic receptors?

A
  • all ANS post-ganglionic neurons
  • adrenal medullary cells
  • skeletal muscles
41
Q

are the two types of adrenergic receptors excitatory or inhibitory?

A

either excitatory or inhibitory

42
Q

does an excitatory postsynaptic potential depolarise or hyperpolarise?

A

depolarise

43
Q

does an inhibitory postsynaptic potential depolarise or hyperpolarise?

A

hyperpolarise

44
Q

does an EPSP increase or decrease target activity?

45
Q

does an IPSP increase or decrease target activity?

46
Q

what do agonists do to target neurotransmitter receptors?

A

drugs that mimic the action of the NT

47
Q

what do antagonists do to target neurotransmitter receptors?

A

drugs that bind to the receptor and block the action of NT

48
Q

what does noradrenaline stimulate?

A

reward and pleasure, reducing stress and enhancing attention

49
Q

what does dopamine stimulate?

A

reward and pleasure

50
Q

what are low levels of dopamine associated with?

A

depression

51
Q

what does serotonin stimulate?

A

mood regulation, sleep, appetite, sexual desire and function

52
Q

what are low levels of serotonin associated with?

A

depression

53
Q

what does acetylcholine control?

A

motor control outside the CNS

54
Q

what are biogenic amines associated with?

A

emotional behaviour

55
Q

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain?

A

GABA(y-aminobutyric acid)

56
Q

what does GABA(y-aminobutyric acid) help regulate?

A

sleep/wakefulness

57
Q

what is glutamate involved in?

A

learning and memory

58
Q

why is substance P produced?

A

by damaged tissue

59
Q

what does substance P stimulate and mediate?

A

peripheral nociceptors and mediates pain transmission to the CNS

60
Q

what do endorphins inhibit?

A

perceptions of pain in the CNS

human structure and function (21 decks)

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