week 1 FOM Flashcards
what is health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
aspects to be considered when referring to health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
what is meant by wellbeing
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
pathology
Study of disease
causes, development, progress
appearances
explains presentation
rationale for treatment
What we mean by “unhealthy”
what is disease
disease is continuously evolving and has a natural history
diagnosis
ability to define abnormality consistently
prognosis
ability to predict the outcome of a diagnosis
aetiology
cause of a disease
pathogenesis
how a disease develops
symptom
patients pov
what are causes of pathology
natural disease
unnatural conditions
examples of natural diseases
common cold
example of unnatural conditions
fractured radius after a fall
what are the kinds of natural diseases
inflammation
circulatory disturbances eg Virchow`s triad
disorders of cell growth
degenerative disorders
psychological conditions
developmental conditions
examples of unnatural conditions
1.Traumatic
-accidental or deliberate
-eg fractured bone
2.Iatrogenic
-treatment related
eg immunosuppression in chemotherapy for malignancy
what are the different types of fluid compartment
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
what are the components of extracellular fluid
interstitial fluid
plasma
water movements between the compartments
through aquaporins
concentration of minerals in the ECF and ICF
more potassium ions inside and sodium outside
properties of the cell membrane
1.cell membranes are a selective barrier.
2.permeability will vary between the cell.
3.membranes are dynamic
4.membranes are very thin double layers of sheets.
5.membranes are very flexible
6.they are excellent insulators
what are the functions of membrane proteins
Receptors
Transport (transporter and channel proteins)
Enzymes
Maintenance of cell structure (anchorage)
Communication
proteins as receptors
there is communication of the different molecules ; the receptor is a protein molecule that forms metabotropic receptor linked with a g protein.
types of transporters
channel proteins - they create a pore through which molecules usually water and ions flow.
transporters
transporters - such as the glucose transporters that create a continuous flow of materials.
enzymes -Enzymatic part may be on external side of membrane e.g. those found in small intestine which break down nutrients into smaller units, or internal side such as those associated with converting signals carried from receptors into an intracellular response e.g.:
proteins as enzymes
Enzymatic part may be on external side of membrane e.g. those found in small intestine which break down nutrients into smaller units, or internal side such as those associated with converting signals carried from receptors into an intracellular response e.g.:
structural proteins on the membrane
anchor the cell membrane to the intracellular skeleton and to the extracellular matrix ( collagen) that is through the dysfunction or loss that can cause serious debility for example lack of dystrophin protein in Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy.
also intercellular joining which helps in CAMs by providing temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell to cell interactions.
membrane proteins and communication
1.glycoprotein for cell to cell communication.
2.hormone receptor for long distance communication which converts the chemical signals into intracellular responses.
communication between a metabotropic
protein receptor
integral receptor protein to peripheral proteins to an integral enzyme protein
protein content in the different membranes
1.Myelin: a specialised type of membrane that serves as an insulator around myelinated nerve fibres has a low content of protein (18%), major component is lipid, very good insulator so ideal for function.
2. Plasma membranes of most other cells have much greater activity and protein content is typically 50%.
3. Membranes involved in energy transduction such as the inner membranes of mitochondria, have highest protein content, 75%.
what causes an electrical gradient
the difference in the concentration of the charges between the inside and outside of the cell.
electrochemical gradient
1.The net effect of these two forces create an electrochemical gradient which ultimately drives the direction of passive movement.
2.Any movement against this gradient requires energy (active transport
what are the mechanisms of movement of the cell
diffusion
active transport
osmosis
filtration
exocytosis and endocytosis
endocytosis movement into the cell
exocytosis movement out of the cell
passive diffusion
through protein channels
through protein transporters
The net effect of these two forces create an electrochemical gradient which ultimately drives the direction of passive movement.
Any movement against this gradient requires energy (active transport
yes
passive diffusion
substance moves directly through the lipid bilayer
facilitated diffusion
substance require assistance from membrane proteins to cross the lipid bilayer.
factors that favor passive diffusion
small
uncharged
lipophilic
facilitated diffusion through the lipid layer
use of channels
use of mediated transport proteins
facilitated diffusion through channels
ligand gated channels /voltage gated channels
allow only the passage of sodium potassium ,chloride and hydrogen ions.
factors to consider for ion diffusion
electrochemical gradient that is both the electrical and the concentration gradient.
molecules that are transported using the carrier mediated transport proteins
gluocose
when does the carrier protein also function as an enzyme
when the electrochemical gradient opposes the movement of the fluids; energy in the form of ATP is required .In this case the carrier protein also functions as an enzyme which hydrolyses ATP to release energy.
volume changes in a freely permeable membrane
there is no change in the volume because there is movement of both molecules
volume in a selectively water permeable membrane .
volume increases in the side with the most solute concentration to bring its concentration as low as the other one .
what is osmotic pressure
pressure required to oppose water movement
osmosis with no diffusion will lead to a change in the cell volume
because there is only movement of water on one side .
capillary wall permeability
permeable to everything except plasma proteins
osmolarity
measuring the concentration of biological solutions is osmoles
osmolarity of plasma
285 or 300
what does osmolarity reflect
reflects the number of particles in a solution and it says nothing about the nature of the particles which critically does not tell if the particles can cross the membranes
example of non penetrating solutes
In ECF, Na+ and Cl- act as non-penetrating solutes.
In ICF, K+ (and organic anions) act as non-penetrating solutes
composition of blood
plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells
composition of plasma
albumin
globulin
clotting factors
what are the causes of hypoproteinaemia
prolonged starvation
liver disease
intestinal diseases
nephrosis (kidney disease)
characteristic of hypoproteinaemia
oedema due to the loss of oncotic pressure
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
divides into committed and uncommitted cells
lifespan of red blood cells
120 days
most abundant blood cell
red blood cell
erythropoiesis
red blood cell formation
what is an immature red blood cell
erythroblast
factors that accelerate erythropoietin release
anaemia
lung disease
cardiac dysfunction
haemorrhage
all this is because there is reduced oxygen delivery to the kidneys.
most abundant white blood cell
neutrophil 68% half life of 10 hours
least abundant white blood cells
basophils
what are monocytes
they become macrophage after some time and they are live for 3 months
leukopoiesis
controlled by cytokines
examples of cytokines
Colony Stimulating Factors
e.g. Granulocyte CSF
- Interleukins
raise of lymphocytes
viral infection
life span of platelets
10 days
thrombopoietin
hormone that accelerates the production of platelets
haematocrit
that is the percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood
ranges from 40- 50 %
bilirubin
formed from the destruction of red blood cells
viscosity of blood
dependent on haematocrit
temperature
flow rate
