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fom > week 1 FOM > Flashcards

week 1 FOM Flashcards

1
Q

what is health

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

aspects to be considered when referring to health

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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3
Q

what is meant by wellbeing

A

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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4
Q

pathology

A

Study of disease
causes, development, progress
appearances
explains presentation
rationale for treatment
What we mean by “unhealthy”

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5
Q

what is disease

A

disease is continuously evolving and has a natural history

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6
Q

diagnosis

A

ability to define abnormality consistently

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7
Q

prognosis

A

ability to predict the outcome of a diagnosis

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8
Q

aetiology

A

cause of a disease

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9
Q

pathogenesis

A

how a disease develops

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10
Q

symptom

A

patients pov

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11
Q

what are causes of pathology

A

natural disease
unnatural conditions

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12
Q

examples of natural diseases

A

common cold

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13
Q

example of unnatural conditions

A

fractured radius after a fall

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14
Q

what are the kinds of natural diseases

A

inflammation
circulatory disturbances eg Virchow`s triad
disorders of cell growth
degenerative disorders
psychological conditions
developmental conditions

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15
Q

examples of unnatural conditions

A

1.Traumatic
-accidental or deliberate
-eg fractured bone
2.Iatrogenic
-treatment related
eg immunosuppression in chemotherapy for malignancy

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16
Q

what are the different types of fluid compartment

A

intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid

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17
Q

what are the components of extracellular fluid

A

interstitial fluid
plasma

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18
Q

water movements between the compartments

A

through aquaporins

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19
Q

concentration of minerals in the ECF and ICF

A

more potassium ions inside and sodium outside

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20
Q

properties of the cell membrane

A

1.cell membranes are a selective barrier.
2.permeability will vary between the cell.
3.membranes are dynamic
4.membranes are very thin double layers of sheets.
5.membranes are very flexible
6.they are excellent insulators

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21
Q

what are the functions of membrane proteins

A

Receptors
Transport (transporter and channel proteins)
Enzymes
Maintenance of cell structure (anchorage)
Communication

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22
Q

proteins as receptors

A

there is communication of the different molecules ; the receptor is a protein molecule that forms metabotropic receptor linked with a g protein.

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23
Q

types of transporters

A

channel proteins - they create a pore through which molecules usually water and ions flow.
transporters
transporters - such as the glucose transporters that create a continuous flow of materials.
enzymes -Enzymatic part may be on external side of membrane e.g. those found in small intestine which break down nutrients into smaller units, or internal side such as those associated with converting signals carried from receptors into an intracellular response e.g.:

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24
Q

proteins as enzymes

A

Enzymatic part may be on external side of membrane e.g. those found in small intestine which break down nutrients into smaller units, or internal side such as those associated with converting signals carried from receptors into an intracellular response e.g.:

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25
Q

structural proteins on the membrane

A

anchor the cell membrane to the intracellular skeleton and to the extracellular matrix ( collagen) that is through the dysfunction or loss that can cause serious debility for example lack of dystrophin protein in Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy.

also intercellular joining which helps in CAMs by providing temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell to cell interactions.

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26
Q

membrane proteins and communication

A

1.glycoprotein for cell to cell communication.
2.hormone receptor for long distance communication which converts the chemical signals into intracellular responses.

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27
Q

communication between a metabotropic
protein receptor

A

integral receptor protein to peripheral proteins to an integral enzyme protein

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28
Q

protein content in the different membranes

A

1.Myelin: a specialised type of membrane that serves as an insulator around myelinated nerve fibres has a low content of protein (18%), major component is lipid, very good insulator so ideal for function.
2. Plasma membranes of most other cells have much greater activity and protein content is typically 50%.
3. Membranes involved in energy transduction such as the inner membranes of mitochondria, have highest protein content, 75%.

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29
Q

what causes an electrical gradient

A

the difference in the concentration of the charges between the inside and outside of the cell.

30
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

1.The net effect of these two forces create an electrochemical gradient which ultimately drives the direction of passive movement.

2.Any movement against this gradient requires energy (active transport

31
Q

what are the mechanisms of movement of the cell

A

diffusion
active transport
osmosis
filtration

32
Q

exocytosis and endocytosis

A

endocytosis movement into the cell
exocytosis movement out of the cell

33
Q

passive diffusion

A

through protein channels
through protein transporters

34
Q

The net effect of these two forces create an electrochemical gradient which ultimately drives the direction of passive movement.
Any movement against this gradient requires energy (active transport

A

yes

35
Q

passive diffusion

A

substance moves directly through the lipid bilayer

36
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

substance require assistance from membrane proteins to cross the lipid bilayer.

37
Q

factors that favor passive diffusion

A

small
uncharged
lipophilic

38
Q

facilitated diffusion through the lipid layer

A

use of channels
use of mediated transport proteins

39
Q

facilitated diffusion through channels

A

ligand gated channels /voltage gated channels
allow only the passage of sodium potassium ,chloride and hydrogen ions.

40
Q

factors to consider for ion diffusion

A

electrochemical gradient that is both the electrical and the concentration gradient.

41
Q

molecules that are transported using the carrier mediated transport proteins

A

gluocose

42
Q

when does the carrier protein also function as an enzyme

A

when the electrochemical gradient opposes the movement of the fluids; energy in the form of ATP is required .In this case the carrier protein also functions as an enzyme which hydrolyses ATP to release energy.

43
Q

volume changes in a freely permeable membrane

A

there is no change in the volume because there is movement of both molecules

44
Q

volume in a selectively water permeable membrane .

A

volume increases in the side with the most solute concentration to bring its concentration as low as the other one .

45
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to oppose water movement

46
Q

osmosis with no diffusion will lead to a change in the cell volume

A

because there is only movement of water on one side .

47
Q

capillary wall permeability

A

permeable to everything except plasma proteins

48
Q

osmolarity

A

measuring the concentration of biological solutions is osmoles

49
Q

osmolarity of plasma

A

285 or 300

50
Q

what does osmolarity reflect

A

reflects the number of particles in a solution and it says nothing about the nature of the particles which critically does not tell if the particles can cross the membranes

51
Q

example of non penetrating solutes

A

In ECF, Na+ and Cl- act as non-penetrating solutes.
In ICF, K+ (and organic anions) act as non-penetrating solutes

52
Q

composition of blood

A

plasma
red blood cells
white blood cells

53
Q

composition of plasma

A

albumin
globulin
clotting factors

54
Q

what are the causes of hypoproteinaemia

A

prolonged starvation
liver disease
intestinal diseases
nephrosis (kidney disease)

55
Q

characteristic of hypoproteinaemia

A

oedema due to the loss of oncotic pressure

56
Q

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

A

divides into committed and uncommitted cells

57
Q

lifespan of red blood cells

A

120 days

58
Q

most abundant blood cell

A

red blood cell

59
Q

erythropoiesis

A

red blood cell formation

60
Q

what is an immature red blood cell

A

erythroblast

61
Q

factors that accelerate erythropoietin release

A

anaemia
lung disease
cardiac dysfunction
haemorrhage
all this is because there is reduced oxygen delivery to the kidneys.

62
Q

most abundant white blood cell

A

neutrophil 68% half life of 10 hours

63
Q

least abundant white blood cells

A

basophils

64
Q

what are monocytes

A

they become macrophage after some time and they are live for 3 months

65
Q

leukopoiesis

A

controlled by cytokines

66
Q

examples of cytokines

A

Colony Stimulating Factors
e.g. Granulocyte CSF
- Interleukins

67
Q

raise of lymphocytes

A

viral infection

68
Q

life span of platelets

A

10 days

69
Q

thrombopoietin

A

hormone that accelerates the production of platelets

70
Q

haematocrit

A

that is the percentage of red blood cells in the whole blood
ranges from 40- 50 %

71
Q

bilirubin

A

formed from the destruction of red blood cells

72
Q

viscosity of blood

A

dependent on haematocrit
temperature
flow rate

fom (19 decks)

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