nerves , ANS and PNS.

Question 1

what are two types of nervous system

Answer 1

peripheral and the central nervous system

Question 2

divisions of the PNS

Answer 2

autonomic and somatic nervous system

Question 3

what is the autonomic nervous system made up of

Answer 3

parasympathetic and sympathetic fibres

Question 4

what is the anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 4

the fibres branch of from the thoracolumbar region that is T1 to T12 and L1 to L12

Question 5

what is the difference between the anatomy of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic

Answer 5

-the somatic nervous system does not pass through the ganglion
ANS fibres are divided into preganglionic and postganglionic fibres.
- For the somatic nervous system there is Specialised NMJ
Ionotropic receptors
Always excites target.
-For the autonomic nervous system is less specialised , there is the use of metabotropic receptors , may excite or inhibit target cell.

Question 6

where is parasympathetic outfow from

Answer 6

Parasympathetic outflow is from cranial (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral (S2-4) regions

Question 7

location of the ganglia

Answer 7

Sympathetic ganglia lie close to spinal cord in the sympathetic chain (paravertebral ganglia), or in collateral (prevertebral) ganglia.

Parasympathetic ganglia lie close to or within the target

Question 8

autonomic receptors for acetylcholine

Answer 8

Acts on cholinergic receptors
Nicotinic receptors
Muscarinic receptors

Question 9

autonomic receptors from noradrenaline

Answer 9

Acts on adrenergic receptors
α receptors
β receptors

Question 10

what neurotransmitter is released in the preganglionic stage for parasympathetic and sympathetic ?

Answer 10

Both release acetylcholine that acts on cholinergic receptors in this case nicotinic receptors

Question 11

what neurotransmitter is released post ganglionic for parasympathetic

Answer 11

acetylcholine that acts on muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 12

what neurotransmitter is released post ganglionic for the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 12

noradrenaline that acts on adrenergic receptors that is either beta or alpha receptors

Question 13

exceptions to the normal neurotransmitters used

Answer 13

Some postganglionic fibres have not read the textbook
Sympathetic cholinergic fibres innervate sweat glands

Some postganglionic fibres use non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) transmitters e.g. peptides
which can sometimes be released with the orthodox transmitters that is noradrenaline and ACh

Question 14

sympathetic effect on the eyes

Answer 14

pupils dilate , eye focuses away

Question 15

sympathetic effect on the heart

Answer 15

heart beats faster and stronger

Question 16

effect of sympathetic on energy stores

Answer 16

stored energy is released

Question 17

overview of parasympathetic effect

Answer 17

Airways constrict
Heart beats slower
Heart beats weaker
Blood diverts to gut
Gut motility increases
Enzyme secretion in gut
generally stimulated
Energy is stored
Pupils constrict
Eyes focus close up
Hair lies flat
Mouth starts drooling

Question 18

sympathetic effect on the radial muscle of the iris

Answer 18

alpha 1 receptors activated on the radial muscle ( outside ring muscles ) this makes the pupil larger and wider

Question 19

parasympathetic effect on the sphincter (inside )muscle of the iris

Answer 19

contracts the sphincter muscle ( inside muscle )of the eye to make the pupil smaller.
Acts on the muscarinic receptors

Question 20

parasympathetic effect on the ciliary muscle

Answer 20

(CL- CILIARY FOR LENS)- contraction and the eye focuses close up

Question 21

sympathetic effect on the ciliary muscle

Answer 21

Activation of the B2 receptors on ciliary muscle which causes relaxation of the ciliary muscle causes the lens to focus far away

Question 22

heads up for adrenergic receptors

Answer 22

alpha 1 are used for contraction
beta 2 used for for relaxation

Question 23

sympathetic effect on the heart

Answer 23

activation of beta 1 receptors on the pacemaker cells which increases heart rate
activation of of beta 1 receptors on the myocytes ( cells of the heart )causes increased strength of contraction .

Question 24

parasympathetic effect on the heart

Answer 24

activation of the muscarinic receptors on the pacemaker cells causes a decreased heart rate , little effect on the myocytes.

Question 25

types of the cells targeted by neurotransmitters in the heart

Answer 25

pacemaker cells and the myocytes

Question 26

sympathetic effect on the lungs

Answer 26

airways are dilated through the action of b2 receptors which makes smooth muscles to relax.

Question 27

medication that is used for relaxation of the airways

Answer 27

targets the beta 2 receptors ( beta 2 agonist ) example is salbutamol( think of inhaler that is made up of salbutamol )

Question 28

example of the beta one antagonist drug

Answer 28

atenolol which decreases the heart rate and has limited effect on the airways .

Question 29

sympathetic effect on blood vessels

Answer 29

-activation of the alpha 1 receptors that cause the contraction of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels - causing reduced blood flow to non essential regions like the skin
-activation of the beta 2 receptors which causes dilation and increases the flow of blood in essential regions like the heart.

Question 30

effect of sympathetic on salivary glands

Answer 30

stimulation of b receptors which release the secretion of thick and rich enzymes.

Question 31

example of tone innervation

Answer 31

innervation of the smooth muscles if the blood vessels.

Question 32

example of dual innervation with non antagonistic action

Answer 32

secretion of saliva

Question 33

sympathetic effect on the bladder

Answer 33

activation of the beta 2 receptors on the smooth muscle of the bladder wall which relaxes and reduces pressure .
activation of the alpha 1 receptors of the sphincter smooth muscles and this causes the muscle to contract and stop urination

Question 34

effect of sympathetic on the reproductive system

Answer 34

activation of the alpha 1 receptors of the smooth muscle that causes contraction
of the smooth muscle and results
in ejaculation .

Question 35

types of autonomic reflexes

Answer 35

spinal reflexes or learned reflexes

Question 36

central control of the nervous

Answer 36

Integrated in the brain, mainly hypothalamus, thalamus and brainstem
e.g. baroreceptor reflex
Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure
Integrating centre looks at the information
Coordinates a sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to vary heart rate, strength of contraction, and constriction of blood vessels accordingly

Question 37

what are the receptors present in the autonomic nervous system pharmacology

Answer 37

adrenergic and cholinergic receptors

Question 38

ways of inhibiting transmission in a neuromuscular junction

Answer 38

inhibiting choline transporter example hemicholinium.
blockage of voltage gated calcium ion channels .( spider widow fusion )
Blocking vesicle formation for example ( botulinium toxins)
use of non -depolarising nicotinic receptor blocker.
use of depolarising nicotinic receptor blockers eg tubocuranine

Question 39

where does pharmacological modification take place in

Answer 39

in the synaptic junction

Question 40

ways of potentiating transmission

Answer 40

blocking acetylcholinesterase

Question 41

clinical applications of pharmacological modification

Answer 41

Non-depolarising or depolarising blockers used for paralysis during:
Surgical procedures
Electroconvulsive therapy
Controlling spasms in tetanus

Botulinum toxin
Treating muscle spasms
Cosmetic procedures

Anti-cholinesterases
Treating myasthenia gravis
Reversing action of non-depolarising blockers
Countering botulinum poisoning