respiratory anatomy

Question 1

how many pairs of ribs are there

Answer 1

12 pairs

Question 2

thoracic inlet

Answer 2

the superior aperture that is bound by first thoracic vertebrae to the posterior
first pair of ribs to laterally
first to the costal cartilage then to the superior border of the manubrium.

Question 3

inferior thoracic outlet

Answer 3

the 12th thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally
costal cartilage of the ribs 7 through 10 and xiphistemal joint

Question 4

parts of a sternum

Answer 4

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

Question 5

joints of the sternum

Answer 5

plane joints through the attachment with the body of the sternum

Question 6

sternum angle

Answer 6

where the sternum bifucates and angle is altered

Question 7

which vertebrae is the landmark for sternum angle

Answer 7

T5 and t4 vertebrae

Question 8

which vertebrae corresponds with the
location of the manubrium

Answer 8

T2 and T3

Question 9

types of ribs

Answer 9

true ribs
false
floating

Question 10

true ribs

Answer 10

this are the ribs that are directly connected to the sternum

Question 11

examples of true ribs

Answer 11

ribs one to seven

Question 12

false ribs

Answer 12

do not attach to the sternum
that is the 8th to 10th rib

Question 13

floating ribs

Answer 13

they are not connected to the sternum 11th and 12th rib

Question 14

typical rib

Answer 14

attaches to the inferior part of a bone and a superior part of a vertebrae

Question 15

first rib

Answer 15

attaches to the T1 only
the head has only a single articular facet for articulation with the rib

Question 16

costovertebral joints

Answer 16

1.head of the rib attaches with two vertebral bodies that is the lower one and the upper one.

Question 17

costotransverse joints

Answer 17

the tubercle of the rib attaches with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae .

Question 18

thoracic volume adjustments

Answer 18

the movement is brought about by the changes in the muscle

Question 19

forceful inspiration

Answer 19

transverse diameter of the thoracic cage increases that is at the lower ribs.
anteroposterior diameter of the rib cage increases .

Question 20

intercostal muscles

Answer 20

the external intercostal muscles located on the outside
internal in the middle
innermost intercostal

Question 21

costal groove

Answer 21

visualise the photo

Question 22

striations of the external intercostal muscles

Answer 22

towards the pocket direction

Question 23

internal intercostal muscle striation

Answer 23

towards the opposite direction of the external intercostal muscle

Question 24

arterial supply of the thoracic cavity

Answer 24

posterior intercostal arteries ( branch of internal thoracic artery )
anterior intercostal arteries which are branches of internal thoracic artery.

Question 25

venous drainage of the thoracic cavity

Answer 25

azygos ; hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos venous system and internal thoracic veins .

Question 26

what is the lymphatic drainage of the thoracic wall

Answer 26

left side drains to the left subclavian vein right side drains on the right subclavian vein drainage of the axillary lymph node ; parasternal lymph node and abdominal lymph node

Question 27

dermatome of the thoracic wall

Answer 27

T10 level

Question 28

myotome of the thoracic region

Answer 28

T10

Question 29

peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

Answer 29

lumbar vertebrae arcuate ligaments xiphoid process of the sternum costal cartilage of the ribs that is 7-12

Question 30

central insertion of the diaphragm

Answer 30

central tendon

Question 31

right extension of the central tendon

Answer 31

arises form L1 and L3 they also surround the oesophageal opening and help to prevent reflux of contents

Question 32

left crus

Answer 32

arises from L1 to the L2 and their intervertebral discs

Question 33

action of diaphragm

Answer 33

contraction of the diaphragm the volume of the thoracic cavity increases diaphragm relaxes thoracic volume decreases.

Question 34

openings of the diaphragm

Answer 34

T8 the caval opening which is a passage of the central tendon of the diaphragm , ; T10 oesophageal hiatus together with the vagus nerve ; T12 aortic hiatus between the left and the right crus.

Question 35

aortic hiatus

Answer 35

It transmits the aorta, the azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein, and the thoracic duct. located at the level T12

Question 36

motor innervation of the diaphragm muscle

Answer 36

innervated by the phrenic nerve nerve roots that is the anterior rami of both the C3 , C4, C5 responsible for the motor functions of the diaphragm

Question 37

sensory innervation of the diaphragm

Answer 37

central region is innervated by the phrenic nerve the peripheral region is innervated by the intercostal nerves that is T7 to T12

Question 38

Apertures of the thoracic cavity

Answer 38

the superior aperture has the largest diameter during inspiration the inferior aperture has the largest diameter during inspiration

Question 39

upper respiratory tract

Answer 39

anything above the larynx ; that is the nose and pharynx

Question 40

lower respiratory tract

Answer 40

trachea , bronchi , bronchioles

Question 41

basic structure of the lung

Answer 41

alveoli

Question 42

respiratory portion

Answer 42

gaseous exchange takes place here

Question 43

muscles involved in forceful inspiration

Answer 43

diaphragm internal intercostal muscles external intercostal muscles

Question 44

muscles involved in expiration

Answer 44

passive process

Question 45

right lung

Answer 45

3 lobes

Question 46

left lung

Answer 46

2 lobes

Question 47

location of the horizontal fissure

Answer 47

4th rib

Question 48

costal surface

Answer 48

surface that faces the ribs convex

Question 49

diaphragmatic surface

Answer 49

concave

Question 50

mediastinal surface

Answer 50

concave to accommodate the heart

Question 51

root vs hila

Answer 51

root has the vessels and the bronchi hilum is the region that the root is located in

Question 52

mediastinal surface of the lung

Answer 52

the heart the groove that holds the aorta and the esophagus with the esophagus being most lateral superior-lateral there is left subclavian artery superior -medial there is the left brachiocephalic vein

Question 53

mediastinal surface of the right lung

Answer 53

right atrium of the heart superior - lateral subclavian vein superior - medial subclavian artery inferior vena cava on the groove superior vena cava esophagus right subclavian artery and vein arch over and are related to superior lobe of the the right lung as they pass over the dome of cervical pleura and axilla.

Question 54

right lung segments

Answer 54

a palm seed makes another palm seed

Question 55

number of segments in the lungs

Answer 55

10 pulmonary segments

Question 56

blood supply of the lung

Answer 56

bronchial arteries bronchial veins lymphatic drainage autonomic innervation

Question 57

bronchial arteries

Answer 57

descending thoracic aorta ( 2 left ) posterior intercostal artery (1 right)

Question 58

bronchial veins

Answer 58

azygous accessory hemizygous system

Question 59

lymphatic drainage of the lungs

Answer 59

Pulmonary LN, Bronchopulmonary LN, tracheobronchial LN, broncho-mediastinal LN, broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk.

Question 60

autonomic innervation

Answer 60

pulmonary plexus Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (motor to bronchial muscle, secretomotor to mucous glands, vasodilator) Sympathetic :T2-T5 (inhibitory to bronchial smooth muscles-bronchodilator, motor to blood vessel smooth muscle)

Question 61

parietal pleura nerve supply

Answer 61

somatic nerve ( intercostal nerves , phrenic nerves )

Question 62

visceral pleura nerve supply

Answer 62

autonomic nerves