respiratory anatomy Flashcards

to understand the structure of the thorax and all the organs that are involved

1
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there

A

12 pairs

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2
Q

thoracic inlet

A

the superior aperture that is bound by first thoracic vertebrae to the posterior
first pair of ribs to laterally
first to the costal cartilage then to the superior border of the manubrium.

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3
Q

inferior thoracic outlet

A

the 12th thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally
costal cartilage of the ribs 7 through 10 and xiphistemal joint

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4
Q

parts of a sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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5
Q

joints of the sternum

A

plane joints through the attachment with the body of the sternum

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6
Q

sternum angle

A

where the sternum bifucates and angle is altered

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7
Q

which vertebrae is the landmark for sternum angle

A

T5 and t4 vertebrae

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8
Q

which vertebrae corresponds with the
location of the manubrium

A

T2 and T3

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9
Q

types of ribs

A

true ribs
false
floating

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10
Q

true ribs

A

this are the ribs that are directly connected to the sternum

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11
Q

examples of true ribs

A

ribs one to seven

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12
Q

false ribs

A

do not attach to the sternum
that is the 8th to 10th rib

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13
Q

floating ribs

A

they are not connected to the sternum 11th and 12th rib

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14
Q

typical rib

A

attaches to the inferior part of a bone and a superior part of a vertebrae

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15
Q

first rib

A

attaches to the T1 only
the head has only a single articular facet for articulation with the rib

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16
Q

costovertebral joints

A

1.head of the rib attaches with two vertebral bodies that is the lower one and the upper one.

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17
Q

costotransverse joints

A

the tubercle of the rib attaches with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae .

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18
Q

thoracic volume adjustments

A

the movement is brought about by the changes in the muscle

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19
Q

forceful inspiration

A

transverse diameter of the thoracic cage increases that is at the lower ribs.
anteroposterior diameter of the rib cage increases .

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20
Q

intercostal muscles

A

the external intercostal muscles located on the outside
internal in the middle
innermost intercostal

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21
Q

costal groove

A

visualise the photo

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22
Q

striations of the external intercostal muscles

A

towards the pocket direction

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23
Q

internal intercostal muscle striation

A

towards the opposite direction of the external intercostal muscle

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24
Q

arterial supply of the thoracic cavity

A

posterior intercostal arteries ( branch of internal thoracic artery )
anterior intercostal arteries which are branches of internal thoracic artery.

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25
venous drainage of the thoracic cavity
azygos ; hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos venous system and internal thoracic veins .
26
what is the lymphatic drainage of the thoracic wall
left side drains to the left subclavian vein right side drains on the right subclavian vein drainage of the axillary lymph node ; parasternal lymph node and abdominal lymph node
27
dermatome of the thoracic wall
T10 level
28
myotome of the thoracic region
T10
29
peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
lumbar vertebrae arcuate ligaments xiphoid process of the sternum costal cartilage of the ribs that is 7-12
30
central insertion of the diaphragm
central tendon
31
right extension of the central tendon
arises form L1 and L3 they also surround the oesophageal opening and help to prevent reflux of contents
32
left crus
arises from L1 to the L2 and their intervertebral discs
33
action of diaphragm
contraction of the diaphragm the volume of the thoracic cavity increases diaphragm relaxes thoracic volume decreases.
34
openings of the diaphragm
T8 the caval opening which is a passage of the central tendon of the diaphragm , ; T10 oesophageal hiatus together with the vagus nerve ; T12 aortic hiatus between the left and the right crus.
35
aortic hiatus
It transmits the aorta, the azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein, and the thoracic duct. located at the level T12
36
motor innervation of the diaphragm muscle
innervated by the phrenic nerve nerve roots that is the anterior rami of both the C3 , C4, C5 responsible for the motor functions of the diaphragm
37
sensory innervation of the diaphragm
central region is innervated by the phrenic nerve the peripheral region is innervated by the intercostal nerves that is T7 to T12
38
Apertures of the thoracic cavity
the superior aperture has the largest diameter during inspiration the inferior aperture has the largest diameter during inspiration
39
upper respiratory tract
anything above the larynx ; that is the nose and pharynx
40
lower respiratory tract
trachea , bronchi , bronchioles
41
basic structure of the lung
alveoli
42
respiratory portion
gaseous exchange takes place here
43
muscles involved in forceful inspiration
diaphragm internal intercostal muscles external intercostal muscles
44
muscles involved in expiration
passive process
45
right lung
3 lobes
46
left lung
2 lobes
47
location of the horizontal fissure
4th rib
48
costal surface
surface that faces the ribs convex
49
diaphragmatic surface
concave
50
mediastinal surface
concave to accommodate the heart
51
root vs hila
root has the vessels and the bronchi hilum is the region that the root is located in
52
mediastinal surface of the lung
the heart the groove that holds the aorta and the esophagus with the esophagus being most lateral superior-lateral there is left subclavian artery superior -medial there is the left brachiocephalic vein
53
mediastinal surface of the right lung
right atrium of the heart superior - lateral subclavian vein superior - medial subclavian artery inferior vena cava on the groove superior vena cava esophagus right subclavian artery and vein arch over and are related to superior lobe of the the right lung as they pass over the dome of cervical pleura and axilla.
54
right lung segments
a palm seed makes another palm seed
55
number of segments in the lungs
10 pulmonary segments
56
blood supply of the lung
bronchial arteries bronchial veins lymphatic drainage autonomic innervation
57
bronchial arteries
descending thoracic aorta ( 2 left ) posterior intercostal artery (1 right)
58
bronchial veins
azygous accessory hemizygous system
59
lymphatic drainage of the lungs
Pulmonary LN, Bronchopulmonary LN, tracheobronchial LN, broncho-mediastinal LN, broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk.
60
autonomic innervation
pulmonary plexus Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (motor to bronchial muscle, secretomotor to mucous glands, vasodilator) Sympathetic :T2-T5 (inhibitory to bronchial smooth muscles-bronchodilator, motor to blood vessel smooth muscle)
61
parietal pleura nerve supply
somatic nerve ( intercostal nerves , phrenic nerves )
62
visceral pleura nerve supply
autonomic nerves
63