respiratory anatomy Flashcards
to understand the structure of the thorax and all the organs that are involved
how many pairs of ribs are there
12 pairs
thoracic inlet
the superior aperture that is bound by first thoracic vertebrae to the posterior
first pair of ribs to laterally
first to the costal cartilage then to the superior border of the manubrium.
inferior thoracic outlet
the 12th thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
11th and 12th pairs of ribs laterally
costal cartilage of the ribs 7 through 10 and xiphistemal joint
parts of a sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
joints of the sternum
plane joints through the attachment with the body of the sternum
sternum angle
where the sternum bifucates and angle is altered
which vertebrae is the landmark for sternum angle
T5 and t4 vertebrae
which vertebrae corresponds with the
location of the manubrium
T2 and T3
types of ribs
true ribs
false
floating
true ribs
this are the ribs that are directly connected to the sternum
examples of true ribs
ribs one to seven
false ribs
do not attach to the sternum
that is the 8th to 10th rib
floating ribs
they are not connected to the sternum 11th and 12th rib
typical rib
attaches to the inferior part of a bone and a superior part of a vertebrae
first rib
attaches to the T1 only
the head has only a single articular facet for articulation with the rib
costovertebral joints
1.head of the rib attaches with two vertebral bodies that is the lower one and the upper one.
costotransverse joints
the tubercle of the rib attaches with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae .
thoracic volume adjustments
the movement is brought about by the changes in the muscle
forceful inspiration
transverse diameter of the thoracic cage increases that is at the lower ribs.
anteroposterior diameter of the rib cage increases .
intercostal muscles
the external intercostal muscles located on the outside
internal in the middle
innermost intercostal
costal groove
visualise the photo
striations of the external intercostal muscles
towards the pocket direction
internal intercostal muscle striation
towards the opposite direction of the external intercostal muscle
arterial supply of the thoracic cavity
posterior intercostal arteries ( branch of internal thoracic artery )
anterior intercostal arteries which are branches of internal thoracic artery.
venous drainage of the thoracic cavity
azygos ; hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos venous system and internal thoracic veins .
what is the lymphatic drainage of the thoracic wall
left side drains to the left subclavian vein
right side drains on the right subclavian vein
drainage of the axillary lymph node ; parasternal lymph node and abdominal lymph node
dermatome of the thoracic wall
T10 level
myotome of the thoracic region
T10
peripheral attachments of the diaphragm
lumbar vertebrae
arcuate ligaments
xiphoid process of the sternum
costal cartilage of the ribs that is 7-12
central insertion of the diaphragm
central tendon
right extension of the central tendon
arises form L1 and L3
they also surround the oesophageal opening and help to prevent reflux of contents
left crus
arises from L1 to the L2 and their intervertebral discs
action of diaphragm
contraction of the diaphragm the volume of the thoracic cavity increases
diaphragm relaxes thoracic volume decreases.
openings of the diaphragm
T8 the caval opening which is a passage of the central tendon of the diaphragm ,
; T10 oesophageal hiatus together with the vagus nerve ;
T12 aortic hiatus between the left and the right crus.
aortic hiatus
It transmits the aorta, the azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein, and the thoracic duct.
located at the level T12
motor innervation of the diaphragm muscle
innervated by the phrenic nerve
nerve roots that is the anterior rami of both the C3 , C4, C5
responsible for the motor functions of the diaphragm
sensory innervation of the diaphragm
central region is innervated by the phrenic nerve
the peripheral region is innervated by the intercostal nerves that is T7 to T12
Apertures of the thoracic cavity
the superior aperture has the largest diameter during inspiration
the inferior aperture has the largest diameter during inspiration
upper respiratory tract
anything above the larynx ; that is the nose and pharynx
lower respiratory tract
trachea , bronchi , bronchioles
basic structure of the lung
alveoli
respiratory portion
gaseous exchange takes place here
muscles involved in forceful inspiration
diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles
external intercostal muscles
muscles involved in expiration
passive process
right lung
3 lobes
left lung
2 lobes
location of the horizontal fissure
4th rib
costal surface
surface that faces the ribs
convex
diaphragmatic surface
concave
mediastinal surface
concave to accommodate the heart
root vs hila
root has the vessels and the bronchi
hilum is the region that the root is located in
mediastinal surface of the lung
the heart
the groove that holds the aorta and the esophagus with the esophagus being most lateral
superior-lateral there is left subclavian artery
superior -medial there is the left brachiocephalic vein
mediastinal surface of the right lung
right atrium of the heart
superior - lateral subclavian vein
superior - medial subclavian artery
inferior vena cava on the groove
superior vena cava
esophagus
right subclavian artery and vein arch over and are related to superior lobe of the the right lung as they pass over the dome of cervical pleura and axilla.
right lung segments
a palm seed makes another palm seed
number of segments in the lungs
10 pulmonary segments
blood supply of the lung
bronchial arteries
bronchial veins
lymphatic drainage
autonomic innervation
bronchial arteries
descending thoracic aorta ( 2 left )
posterior intercostal artery (1 right)
bronchial veins
azygous
accessory hemizygous system
lymphatic drainage of the lungs
Pulmonary LN, Bronchopulmonary LN, tracheobronchial LN, broncho-mediastinal LN, broncho-mediastinal lymph trunk.
autonomic innervation
pulmonary plexus
Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve (motor to bronchial muscle, secretomotor to mucous glands, vasodilator)
Sympathetic :T2-T5 (inhibitory to bronchial smooth muscles-bronchodilator, motor to blood vessel smooth muscle)
parietal pleura nerve supply
somatic nerve ( intercostal nerves , phrenic nerves )
visceral pleura nerve supply
autonomic nerves
