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Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms resistant to aminoglycosides

A

Streptococcus

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2
Q

Organisms resistant to vancomycin

A

All gram negative

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3
Q

Acquired resistance

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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4
Q

Resistance of beta lactam

A

Resistance through production of beta lactamase

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5
Q

Resistance of beta lactams

A

Beta lactamase production
Alteration of the penicillin binding site

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6
Q

Organisms that produce beta lactamase

A

Hospital acquired staphylococcus
Gram negative bacilli

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7
Q

Methods of combatting beta lactamase enzyme

A

Producing a drug that is attached to an inhibitor such as amoxicillin and clavulanic acid to form co amoxiclav.
2.production of an antibiotic that is resistant to beta lactamase for example flucloxacillin

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8
Q

Extended spectrum beta lactamase

A

Produced by gram negative organisms
They break down third generation cephalosporin as well as penicillin

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9
Q

Location of ESBLS

A

Hospital acquired

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10
Q

Carbapenese producing enterobacteriaceae

A

Gram negatives resistant to carbapenase

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11
Q

Alteration of penicillin binding protein

A

mrsa

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12
Q

Penicillin resistance

A

MRSA
Streptococcus pneumonia through alteration if penicillin binding site

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13
Q

Treatment for beta lactamase producing staph aeurus

A

Flucloxacillin

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14
Q

MRSA ORGANISMS

A

Resistant to all penicillin and cephalosporins

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15
Q

Gram positive resistant to vancomycin

A

Enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium

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16
Q

Mechanism of VRE

A

Alteration of the peptidoglycan precursor site of binding for the vancomycin

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17
Q

benzyl penicillin

A

works on gram positive organisms example strep pyogenes ( group A )
pneumococcal
meningococcal which is gram negative

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18
Q

amoxicillin

A

streptococci and enterococci and some beta lactamase coliforms.

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19
Q

co- amoxiclav

A

extended spectrum for gram negative coli -forms

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20
Q

flucloxacillin

A

MRSA

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21
Q

piperacillin

A

broad spectrum against enterococcus faecalis

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22
Q

cephalosporins

A

clostridium difficile infection

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23
Q

aminoglycosides

A

gram negatives

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24
Q

gentamicin application

A

parental use

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25
Q

vancomycin

A

gram positive both aerobic and anaerobic

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26
Q

erythromycin

A

activity against gram positive
penicillin allergy
examples are chlamydia psittaci, coxiella burnetti , mycoplasma pneumonia and legionella

27
Q

quinolones

A

wide spectrum against all gram negative organisms including pseudomonas infection.

28
Q

linezolid

A

MRSA but causes bone marrow supression

29
Q

daptomyicn

A

MRSA and gram positive

30
Q

fidaxomicin

A

bacteriocidal against c difficile

31
Q

allergic reactions

A

immediate hypersensitivity
delayed hypersensitivity
GI effects

32
Q

4 C`S

A

cephalosporin
ciprofloxacin
co -amoxiclav
clindamycin

33
Q

what are the 4 C`S

A

broad spectrum agents for bacteria

34
Q

gastrointestinal side effects

A

clostridium difficile

35
Q

management of GI side effects

A

isolation
hand washing do not use hand gel

36
Q

detection of GI clostridium toxicity

A

detection of the toxin in the stool by enzyme immunoassay

37
Q

treatment for c difficile

A

metronidazole
oral vancomycin

38
Q

liver toxicity associated drugs

A

flucloxacillin
rifampicin

39
Q

renal toxicity

A

vancomycin
aminoglycoside such as ( gentamicin , netilmicin and amikacin)

40
Q

optic neuropathy

A

ethambutol

41
Q

factors to consider when giving medication

A

age
renal function
liver function
pregnancy

42
Q

drugs associated with congenital abnormalities

A

teratogenic
metronidazole and trimethoprim

43
Q

drugs safe for pregnancy

A

penicillin
cephalosporin
urinary antiseptic nitrofurantoin

44
Q

what is the role of the laboratory in drug administration

A

advice choice on antimicrobial
monitor efficacy and toxicity

45
Q

reasons for measuring the serum levels

A

1.to ensure the therapeutic levels are achieved .
2.to ensure that levels are not as high as to be toxic.

46
Q

susceptibility testing

A

automated methods
e tests using MIC

47
Q

amphotericin B

A

used for treatment of systemic fungal infections.

48
Q

toxicity of amphotericin B to human cells

A

bind to other sterols such as cholesterol hence the toxicity

49
Q

mode of delivery for amphotericin B

A

intravenously for yeast and other fungal infections

50
Q

drugs for dermatophysis

A

nystatin

51
Q

fluconazole

A

treatment of yeast infection

52
Q

azole drugs

A

inhibition of sterol synthesis

53
Q

polyene drugs

A

binding to sterols and increases permiability of the cell wall

54
Q

aspergillosis treatment

A

voriconazole and itraconazole

55
Q

terbinafine

A

treat fungal infection on skin and nails

56
Q

echinocandins

A

serious candida and aspergillus

57
Q

aciclovir

A

active against herpes simplex and varicella zooster virus

58
Q

treatment of HIV

A

Saquinavir
zidovudine
two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, plus either a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(e.g. nevirapine, Efavirenz) or a protease inhibitor which inhibits
viral protease enzyme (e.g. saquinavir, Darunavir).

59
Q

Which of the following can be used to treat systemic fungal infection

A

Amphotericin B

60
Q

Which of the following is used to treat infections with Gram(-) organisms such as Escherichia coli (intravenously)?

A

gentamicin

61
Q

MRSA is treated intravenously using which of the following drugs:

A

flucloxacillin

62
Q

treatment of UTI

A

nitrofurantion

63
Q

treatment of systemic fungal infections

A

amphotericin B

64
Q
A

fom (19 decks)

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