Drugs Flashcards
Organisms resistant to aminoglycosides
Streptococcus
Organisms resistant to vancomycin
All gram negative
Acquired resistance
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Resistance of beta lactam
Resistance through production of beta lactamase
Resistance of beta lactams
Beta lactamase production
Alteration of the penicillin binding site
Organisms that produce beta lactamase
Hospital acquired staphylococcus
Gram negative bacilli
Methods of combatting beta lactamase enzyme
Producing a drug that is attached to an inhibitor such as amoxicillin and clavulanic acid to form co amoxiclav.
2.production of an antibiotic that is resistant to beta lactamase for example flucloxacillin
Extended spectrum beta lactamase
Produced by gram negative organisms
They break down third generation cephalosporin as well as penicillin
Location of ESBLS
Hospital acquired
Carbapenese producing enterobacteriaceae
Gram negatives resistant to carbapenase
Alteration of penicillin binding protein
mrsa
Penicillin resistance
MRSA
Streptococcus pneumonia through alteration if penicillin binding site
Treatment for beta lactamase producing staph aeurus
Flucloxacillin
MRSA ORGANISMS
Resistant to all penicillin and cephalosporins
Gram positive resistant to vancomycin
Enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium
Mechanism of VRE
Alteration of the peptidoglycan precursor site of binding for the vancomycin
benzyl penicillin
works on gram positive organisms example strep pyogenes ( group A )
pneumococcal
meningococcal which is gram negative
amoxicillin
streptococci and enterococci and some beta lactamase coliforms.
co- amoxiclav
extended spectrum for gram negative coli -forms
flucloxacillin
MRSA
piperacillin
broad spectrum against enterococcus faecalis
cephalosporins
clostridium difficile infection
aminoglycosides
gram negatives
gentamicin application
parental use
vancomycin
gram positive both aerobic and anaerobic
erythromycin
activity against gram positive
penicillin allergy
examples are chlamydia psittaci, coxiella burnetti , mycoplasma pneumonia and legionella
quinolones
wide spectrum against all gram negative organisms including pseudomonas infection.
linezolid
MRSA but causes bone marrow supression
daptomyicn
MRSA and gram positive
fidaxomicin
bacteriocidal against c difficile
allergic reactions
immediate hypersensitivity
delayed hypersensitivity
GI effects
4 C`S
cephalosporin
ciprofloxacin
co -amoxiclav
clindamycin
what are the 4 C`S
broad spectrum agents for bacteria
gastrointestinal side effects
clostridium difficile
management of GI side effects
isolation
hand washing do not use hand gel
detection of GI clostridium toxicity
detection of the toxin in the stool by enzyme immunoassay
treatment for c difficile
metronidazole
oral vancomycin
liver toxicity associated drugs
flucloxacillin
rifampicin
renal toxicity
vancomycin
aminoglycoside such as ( gentamicin , netilmicin and amikacin)
optic neuropathy
ethambutol
factors to consider when giving medication
age
renal function
liver function
pregnancy
drugs associated with congenital abnormalities
teratogenic
metronidazole and trimethoprim
drugs safe for pregnancy
penicillin
cephalosporin
urinary antiseptic nitrofurantoin
what is the role of the laboratory in drug administration
advice choice on antimicrobial
monitor efficacy and toxicity
reasons for measuring the serum levels
1.to ensure the therapeutic levels are achieved .
2.to ensure that levels are not as high as to be toxic.
susceptibility testing
automated methods
e tests using MIC
amphotericin B
used for treatment of systemic fungal infections.
toxicity of amphotericin B to human cells
bind to other sterols such as cholesterol hence the toxicity
mode of delivery for amphotericin B
intravenously for yeast and other fungal infections
drugs for dermatophysis
nystatin
fluconazole
treatment of yeast infection
azole drugs
inhibition of sterol synthesis
polyene drugs
binding to sterols and increases permiability of the cell wall
aspergillosis treatment
voriconazole and itraconazole
terbinafine
treat fungal infection on skin and nails
echinocandins
serious candida and aspergillus
aciclovir
active against herpes simplex and varicella zooster virus
treatment of HIV
Saquinavir
zidovudine
two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, plus either a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
(e.g. nevirapine, Efavirenz) or a protease inhibitor which inhibits
viral protease enzyme (e.g. saquinavir, Darunavir).
Which of the following can be used to treat systemic fungal infection
Amphotericin B
Which of the following is used to treat infections with Gram(-) organisms such as Escherichia coli (intravenously)?
gentamicin
MRSA is treated intravenously using which of the following drugs:
flucloxacillin
treatment of UTI
nitrofurantion
treatment of systemic fungal infections
amphotericin B
