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respiratory physiology Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

gaseous exchange that is the alveoli
acid base balance that is the pH in conjunction with the kidney.
communication via speech
protection from infection that is through the lymphoid tissue in the region , as well as the cilia and the mucus in the trachea.

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2
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

circulation from the heart to the lungs and the lungs to the heart which is mediated by the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein.

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3
Q

what is the importance of gaseous exchange

A

to provide the body with oxygen that is necessary for respiration
to remove excess by product that is carbon dioxide which is harmful to the body ; alters the bodies pH .

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

what is external respiration

A

movement of gases along /across respiratory surfaces
between the air and the body`s cells.

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6
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

it delivers CO2 (to the lungs) and collects O2 (from the lungs)

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7
Q

systemic circulation

A

systemic circulation delivers O2 to peripheral tissues and collects CO2.​

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8
Q

systemic circulation

A

delivers O2 to peripheral tissues from the heart and collects CO2 from the peripheral tissues to the heart

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9
Q

integration of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory systems

A

respiratory system is solely for exchange of gases that is oxygen and carbon-dioxide while cardiovascular system is for the transportation of the nutrients and the oxygen to other regions of the body

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10
Q

volume of gases exchanged in the lungs

A

250 ml/min of oxygen
200 ml/min of carbon-dioxide

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11
Q

normal respiration rate

A

12-18 breaths per minute

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12
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

everything above the larynx

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13
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea , downwards

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14
Q

what is meant by patency of the airway

A

the airway is open
this is facilitated by semi-rigid tubes, “patency” of airway is maintained by C-shaped rings of cartilage.

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15
Q

compare the width of the bronchi

A

right bronchi is vertical almost the same width as the trachea
left bronchi is horizontal at an angle with the trachea .

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16
Q

resistance to the flow of air

A

-resistance is because of the number of particles ( air molecules )
-therefore the resistance is higher in the conducting zone than it is in the non - conducting zone.
increased diameter leads to increased resistance and the vv is true

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17
Q

elastic fibers

A

small fibers that help to contract the alveoli

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18
Q

type 1 alveoli

A

gaseous exchange

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19
Q

type 2 alveoli

A

production of surfactant

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20
Q

what is the anatomical dead space

A

the space where there is purely conduction of air and no gaseous exchange hence the space is not used in the calculation of the volume of air

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21
Q

total lung volume

A

6L

22
Q

tidal volume

A

total inspiration and expiration volume at each breath

23
Q

residual volume

A

the volume of the gas that remains in the lungs at the end of the expiration

24
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air which can be expelled from the lungs at the end of the normal expiration

25
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at the end of normal inspiration

26
Q

relationship of the pleural membrane

A

the lungs are stuck with the rib cage through the parietal pleural and to the lungs with the visceral pleura leaving the space for pleural fluid

26
Q

the visceral pleural sac

A

surrounds the lungs

26
Q

parietal pleural sac

A

outer surrounding of the pleural

27
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the visceral and the parietal pleura

28
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

always negative and helps to maintain the recoil between the two that is the lungs and the ribs

29
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles
diaphragm

30
Q

boyle`s law application

A

increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure

31
Q

volume changes during inspiration

A

increase in volume ; pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases

32
Q

volume changes during expiration

A

decrease in the volume ;pressure increases

33
Q

expiration muscles used

A

1.passive expiration is not reliant on any muscles
2.forced expiration uses internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles

34
Q

movement of the thoracic cavity during inspiration

A

the inferior thoracic aperture increases since the ribcage is moved upwards
the rib cage moves outwards increasing the lateral distance

35
Q

diaphragm muscle during inspiration

A

contraction , flattens and moves downwards

36
Q

intra -pleural pressure

A

pressure that is inside the pleural cavity and is negative compared to atmospheric pressure ( less than the atmospheric pressure )

37
Q

intra - thoracic pressure

A

pressure in the alveoli ;depends on the atmospheric pressure ; maybe negative or positive during inspiration or during expiration

38
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

difference of the alveolar pressure and the intra -pleural pressure

39
Q

alveolar pressure during inspiration

A

negative ( lower) than the atmospheric pressure

40
Q

pressure of air during expiration

A

positive ( more ) than the atmospheric pressure

41
Q

pneumothorax

A

disruption of the pressure of the plural sac in relation to the atmospheric pressure.

42
Q

pneumothorax

A

entry of the air in the pleural cavity ; which leads to the recoil of the lung during expiration ;
the lungs pull towards the mediastinal region ; they detach from the ribs

43
Q

surfactant

A

reduces surface tension in the alveoli reducing the chances of the alveoli from collapsing
surfactant is more effective in small alveoli than large alveoli

44
Q

production of surfactant

A

25 weeks after gestation and is complete by 36 weeks
it is stimulated by thyroid hormones and cortisol which increase full-term towards pregnancy.

45
Q

saline filled lung equivalent

A

Less change in pressure required to inflate lung as do not need to overcome surface tension (no air-water interface)​

46
Q

what is compliance of a lung

A

Definition: change in volume relative to change in pressure ​

i.e. how much does volume change for any given change in pressure​

It represents the stretchability of the lungs (not the elasticity

47
Q

highly compliant lung

A

large increase in lung volume for small decrease in ip pressure​

48
Q
A

fom (19 decks)

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