CVD 1 AND 2

Question 1

what are cvds

Answer 1

this are diseases that affect the cardiovascular system
they include coronary heart disease , stroke , peripheral vascular disease

Question 2

coronary heart disease

Answer 2

stable and unstable angina
acute myocardial infarction also known as a heart attack
sudden death which is because of a history of chest pain.

Question 3

stroke

Answer 3

it is localised loss of brain function due to ischaemia and haemorrhage which lasts more than 24 hours

Question 4

types of strokes

Answer 4

haemorrhagic strokes caused by aneurysms
ischaemic strokes caused by thrombosis and embolus

Question 5

peripheral vascular disease

Answer 5

disease of the aorta , the iliac and leg arteries and often coexist with CVD
they are caused by atherosclerosis

Question 6

rheumatic heart disease

Answer 6

damage to the valves and the muscles form rheumatic fever caused by streptococcus bacteria

Question 7

congenital heart disease

Answer 7

malformations of the heart caused by embryological defects at birth

Question 8

dvt and pe

Answer 8

thrombosis at deep veins which can break of and travel to other regions of the body for example lung

Question 9

how does an atherosclerotic plaque form?

Answer 9

fatty streak present in the vascular system - macrophage attack to get rid off- formation of foam cells as macrophage unable to get rid off- formation of a fibrous cap - due to the increased turbulence of blood - the fibrous cap can be weakened and this leads to the formation of a thrombus

Question 10

arterosclerosis

Answer 10

calcification of the atheroma present in an artery

Question 11

risks of cvd

Answer 11

smoking as it damages blood vessels
alcohol increases blood pressure
foetal and infant growth
genetic
obesity

Question 12

Proatherogenic diet

Answer 12

cholesterol
saturated fatty acids
trans fatty acids
sorium as it increased blood pressure
alcohol increases blood pressure

Question 13

anti atherogenic

Answer 13

poly- unsaturated fatty acids
carbohydrate rich diet instead of refined sugar
mono-unsaturated fatty acids eg olive oil
antioxidants present in fruits o
non -starch carbohydrates
phytochemicals such as green tea , garlic and onions

Question 14

good cholesterol

Answer 14

high density lipoprotein is less associated with coronary heart disease

Question 15

limitations of saturated fatty acids

Answer 15

men no more than 30g a day and women no more than 20g a day

Question 16

recommendation for intake of trans fat

Answer 16

5g a day for an adult

Question 17

sodium intake and potassium intake

Answer 17

lower bp low sodium and more potassium

Question 18

recommended intake of alcohol

Answer 18

30 units weekly

Question 19

monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 19

mainly oleic acid which is a substitution of saturated fatty acids and reduces low density lipoprotiens

Question 20

n3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 20

marine origin

Question 21

carbohydrates

Answer 21

High CHO diet
reduce risk of CHD by reducing fat intake. Should constitute
around 50% of total energy intake

Question 22

antioxidants

Answer 22

They include Se, Zn, Mn, vit C and E, as well as carotenoids (βcarotene, luthein and lycopene) and flavonoids. High intake
of vit C, E and fruits and vegetables are associated with lower
risk of CVD

Question 23

whole grains in human diet

Answer 23

amaranth , barley , brown rice , buck wheat , bulgur , grano, millet , oat meal , popcorn , sorghum , whole corn , whole rye , whole wheat