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gram positive bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key clinically significant Gram-positive bacteria?

A

Cocci: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus spp.
Bacilli: Clostridium difficile, Bacillus anthracis, Listeria monocytogene

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2
Q

Where can Staphylococcus aureus colonize in the body?

A

Nose, skin, axilla, perineum

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3
Q

Where can Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize in the body?

A

Nasopharynx.

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4
Q

Where is Clostridium difficile commonly found?

A

Gastrointestinal tract, especially in asymptomatic carriers

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5
Q

What is the difference between colonization and infection?

A

Presence of bacteria without causing disease.
Example: S. aureus in the nasal passage.
Infection: Active invasion and damage to host tissues.
Example: S. aureus causing wound infection

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6
Q

What are the common infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Boils, abscesses, wound infections, sepsis, osteomyelitis.

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7
Q

What are the common infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?

A

Pharyngitis, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis.

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8
Q

What are the common infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

Pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia

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9
Q

What are the common infections caused by Clostridium difficile?

A

Diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, toxin-mediated gut infections.

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10
Q

Why is Gram staining important in microbiology?

A

Quick, simple, and inexpensive way to classify bacteria.
Differentiates Gram-positive from Gram-negative based on cell wall.
Helps guide initial treatment with appropriate antibiotics.

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11
Q

What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain, and why?

A

Purple, due to the thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls retaining the crystal violet dye.

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12
Q

Name an example of a toxin-mediated disease caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

A

Tetanus (Clostridium tetani).
Pseudomembranous colitis (Clostridium difficile).
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis).

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13
Q

What is the clinical significance of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

A major human pathogen.
Causes a wide range of diseases, from skin infections to life-threatening conditions like sepsis.

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14
Q

What is the role of Lancefield grouping in classifying Streptococcus species?

A

Classifies Streptococcus based on carbohydrate antigens in the cell wall.
Groups A-G are clinically significant (e.g., Group A: S. pyogenes, Group B: S. agalactiae).

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15
Q

examples of hospital acquired strains

A

MRSA Streptococcus
clostridium difficile

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16
Q

normal flora for clostridium perfingens

A

soil , faeces ,, contaminated food

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17
Q

action of clostridium tetanus

A

production of a superantigen which causes inhibition of the PNS and there is release of inhibitory neurotransmitters

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18
Q

type of bacteria that is common in children

A

group B streptococcus causes meningitis , sepsis and is transmitted from mother`s genital during birth.

19
Q

behaviour of alpha haemolytic

A

agar jar is green

20
Q

beta haemolytic

A

full haemolysis the agar jar is clear.

21
Q

classification of streptococcus

A

haemolysis of the cell that is alpha beta and no haemolysis.

22
Q

classification of beta haemolytic streptococcus

A

group A
group B
Group D

23
Q

bacteria that is not stained by grams stain

A

mycobacteria , chlamydia , mycoplasma.

24
Q

all gram negatives are resistant to vancomycin ( true or all false)

A

true

25
Q

gut commensals

A

e coli
proteus sp
klebsiella sp

26
Q

example of gram negative cocci

A

neisseria spp
moraxella catarrhalis

27
Q

culture for neisseria spp

A

culture of the CSF and other sterile sites

28
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges and septicaemia

29
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

have a red grams stains

30
Q

example of gram negative bacilli

A

coliforms for example salmonella spp and e coli

31
Q

commensals of gram negative bacteria

A

gut and large intestine

32
Q

method of classifying gram negative bacilli

A

lactose fermentation

33
Q

e coli virulence mechanisms

A

pili,
capsule,
endotoxin and
exotoxins.

ferments lactose

34
Q

types of escherichia coli

A
  1. Enterotoxogenic E.coli
    - commonest cause of traveller’s
    diarrhoea
    2.Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli
    - bloody diarrhoea
    - haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)
    associated with E.coli O157
35
Q

Acid And Alcohol Fast Bacilli (AAFB)

A

Resistant to decolourisation by acid or alcohol after
staining with carbol fuchsin.

36
Q

examples of AAFB

A

Mycobacterium species are visualised with special
stains e.g Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) or Auramine.

37
Q

identification of mycobacteria

A

ZN or Auramine phenol (screening).
* Does not identify species!!!
* Culture required for ID.
* New automated liquid culture.
* Growth in 2-4 weeks.
* Molecular detection and
identification of MTB possible.

38
Q

tuberculosis challenges

A

Multi-Drug
Resistant (MDR-TB).

39
Q

diseases caused by mycobacterium

A

leprosy
tuberculosis

40
Q

examples of spirochaetes

A

treponema pallidum
Long, spiral-shaped bacteria.
* Not easily visualised by light microscopy.
* Very difficult to culture (never Treponema pallidum).
* Dark ground microscopy or immunofluorescence.
* Often diagnosed by serology

41
Q

common spirochaetes disease

A

Organism Disease
Treponema pallidum Syphilis
Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease
Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis

42
Q

syphilis presentation

A

Primary syphilis: non-painful skin lesion (chancre) at the
site of infection (skin or mucous membranes)
* Secondary syphilis (6-8 weeks after primary symptoms):
generalised systemic illness and rash
* Latent phase: symptomatic episodes may occur
* Tertiary syphilis (years after primary symptoms): central
nervous system
* Congenital syphilis: stillbirth, neonatal death or disease

43
Q
A

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