peripheral circulation

Question 1

capillaries` structures of transportation

Answer 1

presence of clefts and pores between them

Question 2

mode of transport in continuous capillaries

Answer 2

clefts and transcytosis

Question 3

mode of transport in fenestrated capillaries

Answer 3

pores and transcytosis

Question 4

structure of a continuous capillary

Answer 4

no clefts no pores for example in the brain
some have clefts only for example in the muscle

Question 5

structure of a fenestrated capillary

Answer 5

both clefts and pores

Question 6

structure of a discontinuous capillary

Answer 6

clefts and massive pores for example the liver

Question 7

exchange in capillaries

Answer 7

non polar substances through phospholipid bilayer
polar substances through clefts and pores
via transcytosis

Question 8

osmotic pressure

Answer 8

pressure exerted by proteins which causes the movement of fluid into the capillaries

Question 11

drainage of the excess fluid

Answer 11

lymphatic system

Question 12

amount of fluid that drains into the lymphatic system

Answer 12

3l

Question 13

diseases of the lymphatic system

Answer 13

oedema

Question 14

what causes oedema

Answer 14

raised central venous pressure which is caused by ventricular failure
lymphatic obstruction by organisms like in elephantitis
hypoproteinaemia which leads to less oncotic pressure
increased capillary permeability which can be caused by inflammation

Question 15

control of peripheral blood flow

Answer 15

decrease in the radius and redirect blood flow of blood

Question 16

Calculation of mean arterial pressure

Answer 16

MAP = CO x TPR​

Question 17

control of resistance on blood vessels

Answer 17

regulation of diameter of vessels
through local factors
through extrinsic factors

Question 18

example of local controls

Answer 18

1.active metabolic hyperaemia - increase in metabolite products triggers paracrine signals that lead to arteriolar dilatation in order to flow out the metabolites
2.pressure flow - increase in MAP will cause a decrease in flow which triggers paracrine signals that dilate the vessel and flow is back to normal.
3.reactive hyperaemia
4.injury response by histamine which causes permeability of blood vessels and dilation

Question 19

central control of blood flow

Answer 19

sympathetic nerves releases noradrenaline that binds on alpha 1 receptors and cause constriction which decreases the flow and increases TPR and MAP

Question 20

sympathetic nerve system effect on the receptors

Answer 20

alpha 1 receptors

Question 21

mean arterial pressure calculation

Answer 21

total peripheral resistance and cardiac output

Question 22

special regions of blood flow

Answer 22

pulmonary circulation
coronary circulation
cerebral circulation
renal circulation

Question 23

receptors in coronary circulation

Answer 23

displays many beta 2 receptors and they swamp any arteriolar constriction

Question 24

how is cerebral circulation pressure and flow diff from other systems ?

Answer 24

has to be kept stable and shows excellent pressure autoregulation

Question 25

how is pressure and flow in the pulmonary circulation diff from the rest of the body

Answer 25

increase in metabolites in one region causes vasoconstriction of that arteriole to redirect blood to well perfused regions

Question 26

how is pressure and blood flow different in renal circulation?

Answer 26

Main job is filtration​ Filtration rate kept relatively constant during normal fluctuations in MAP​ Due to excellent pressure autoregulation​

Question 27

regions that express active hyperaemia

Answer 27

coronary circulation

Question 28

circulation that shows excellent pressure autoregulation

Answer 28

cerebral circulation