Water soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

portal blood

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2
Q

do water soluble vitamins circulate in free or bound form?

A

free

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3
Q

are water soluble vitamins stored?

A

no

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4
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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5
Q

how are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

via bile salts

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6
Q

do fat soluble vitamins circulate in free or bound form?

A

bound to carrier protein

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7
Q

are fat soluble vitamins stored?

A

to some extent by body fat

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8
Q

definition: dietary reference intake (DRI)

A
  1. set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people and varies by gender / life stage
  2. includes RDA, AI, EAR, TUL
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9
Q

definition: recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

A

average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrition requirements of nearly all healthy people

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10
Q

definition: adequate intake (AI)

A

established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA and is set at a level assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy

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11
Q

definition: estimated average requirement (EAR)

A

expected to satisfy the needs of 50% of the people in that age group based on a review of the scientific literature

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12
Q

what is the role of vitamin B1 (thiamine)?

A

oxidative decarboxylation of a-keto acids and 2-keto sugars

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13
Q

what is the role of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

A

electron (hydrogen) transfer reactions

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14
Q

what is the role of vitamin B3 (niacin)?

A

electron (hydrogen) transfer reactions

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15
Q

what is the role of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)?

A

coenzyme in many transamination and decarboxylation reactions

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16
Q

what is the role of biotin?

A

CO2 transfer reactions, carboxylation reactions

17
Q

what is the role of folate?

A

one carbon methyl transfers, amino acid metabolism

18
Q

what is the role of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)?

A
  1. methylation of homocysteine to methionine

2. conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA

19
Q

what is the role of vitamin C?

A
  1. antioxidant
  2. collagen synthesis
  3. immune function
  4. absorption of non-heme iron
20
Q

what are the energy releasing B complex vitamins?

A
  1. B1 (thiamine)
  2. B2 (riboflavin)
  3. B3 (niacin)
  4. pantothenic acid
  5. biotin
  6. B6
21
Q

what are the hematopoietic B complex vitamins?

A
  1. folate
  2. B12
  3. pantothenic acid
  4. B6
22
Q

how does vitamin C affect iron metabolism?

A

increases absorption of non-heme iron in gut and helps with distribution of iron in body

23
Q

which B vitamins are involved in the metabolism of fat and carbohydrates?

A

thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid, biotin

24
Q

which B vitamin is involved in the metabolism of protein?

A

B6

25
Q

what is the role of B12 in homocysteine metabolism? what form must B12 be in?

A
  1. catalyzes remethylation of homocysteine to methionine requiring 5-methyl-THF
  2. methyl cobalamin
26
Q

what is the role of B6 and pantothenic acid in hemoglobin metabolism?

A

synthesis of heme

27
Q

what condition is associated with cobalamin deficiency?

A

pernicious anemia

28
Q

what conditions are associated with folate deficiency?

A

megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects

29
Q

what enzyme acts as a methyl donor to convert homocysteine to methionine?

A

MTHF (methyltetrahydrofolate)

30
Q

what is the cause of pernicious anemia?

A
  1. parietal cells fail to secrete intrinsic factor - B12 deficiency
  2. diphyllobothrium latum tapeworm
31
Q

what is the methyl trap?

A

methyl trapped in the form of MTHF after being used as a methyl acceptor instead of a methyl donor for DNA synthesis

32
Q

what is the cause of megaloblastic anemia?

A

folate deficiency - disruption of hematopoietic precursor maturation

33
Q

folate deficiency during the first trimester of pregnancy can result in what condition?

A

neural tube defects - spina bifida

34
Q

what is the risk of heavy folate supplementation?

A

can mask B12 deficiencies (cognitive impairment), particularly in elderly patients

35
Q

what are the four Hs of scurvy?

A
  1. hemorrhage
  2. hyperkeratosis
  3. hypochondriasis
  4. hematologic abnormalities
36
Q

pellagra is the result of deficiency of what vitamin?

A

Niacin (B3)