Pediatric nutrition Flashcards
nutrient requirements in children are influenced by what factors?
- growth rate
- body composition
- composition of new growth
at what stage is growth the fastest?
infancy
40% of weight gain in months 1-4 comes from what source?
fat mass
what is the main dietary energy source for infants?
lipids
infants who are exclusively breast fed need to be supplemented with what vitamin?
vitamin D
exclusive breast feeding is recommended until what age?
6 months
what are the four stages of human milk expression?
- colostrum
- transition milk
- mature milk
- extended lactation
what are the features of colostrum?
- lower in fat and calories
- high in protein, fat soluble vitamins, minerals, electrolytes
- rich in immunological substances (IgA, lactoferrin, lysozymes)
what are the features of transition milk?
fat, calories, lactose increase
what are the features of extended lactation?
vitamin and mineral content decreases gradually until weaning
when is protein hydrosylate formula used?
- allergy to intact protein
2. family hx of allergy with any combination of cutaneous, respiratory, or GI complaints
what are the reason for which cow’s milk is not recommended until age 1?
- renal solute load is too high - can lead to renal failure, dehydration, GI bleeding
- whey:casein = 20:80
- inadequate in vitamins and minerals
- not enough fat in low fat milk
- low in EFAs
what is the gestation period for a preterm infant? term? post term?
- pre term - less than 37 weeks
- term - 37-42 weeks
- more than 42 weeks
what is considered low birth weight? very low? extremely low?
- low - less than 2500g (5.5 lbs)
- very low - less than 1500g (3.5 lbs)
- extremely low - less than 1000g (2.25 lbs)
corrected age is used for all premature infants of what ages?
less than 37 weeks through 24 months
why is enteral nutrition introduced?
to prevent aspiration, necrotizing enterocolitis, feeding intolerance
parenteral nutrition is used for premature infants in what weight classes?
very low and extremely low
when is parenteral nutrition implemented and what is the purpose?
- within 24 hours
2. promote energy intake, promote glucose homeostasis, establish nitrogen balance, prevent EFA deficiency
what is primary failure to thrive?
social or environmental deficits - inadequate feeding procedures limiting adequate nutrition
what is secondary failure to thrive?
originates from disease states
definition: necrotizing enterocolitis
acute inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by ischemic necrosis of GI mucosa
what is the intervention for necrotizing enterocolitis?
- parenteral nutrition for 14-21 days post op
- transition to enteral nutrition
- recovery - 2x protein, 25%+ kcals, frequent feeding, supplement with elemental formulas
