Pediatric nutrition

Question 1

nutrient requirements in children are influenced by what factors?

Answer 1

1. growth rate
2. body composition
3. composition of new growth

Question 2

at what stage is growth the fastest?

Answer 2

infancy

Question 3

40% of weight gain in months 1-4 comes from what source?

Answer 3

fat mass

Question 4

what is the main dietary energy source for infants?

Answer 4

lipids

Question 5

infants who are exclusively breast fed need to be supplemented with what vitamin?

Answer 5

vitamin D

Question 6

exclusive breast feeding is recommended until what age?

Answer 6

6 months

Question 7

what are the four stages of human milk expression?

Answer 7

1. colostrum
2. transition milk
3. mature milk
4. extended lactation

Question 8

what are the features of colostrum?

Answer 8

1. lower in fat and calories
2. high in protein, fat soluble vitamins, minerals, electrolytes
3. rich in immunological substances (IgA, lactoferrin, lysozymes)

Question 9

what are the features of transition milk?

Answer 9

fat, calories, lactose increase

Question 10

what are the features of extended lactation?

Answer 10

vitamin and mineral content decreases gradually until weaning

Question 11

when is protein hydrosylate formula used?

Answer 11

1. allergy to intact protein

2. family hx of allergy with any combination of cutaneous, respiratory, or GI complaints

Question 12

what are the reason for which cow’s milk is not recommended until age 1?

Answer 12

1. renal solute load is too high - can lead to renal failure, dehydration, GI bleeding
2. whey:casein = 20:80
3. inadequate in vitamins and minerals
4. not enough fat in low fat milk
5. low in EFAs

Question 13

what is the gestation period for a preterm infant? term? post term?

Answer 13

1. pre term - less than 37 weeks
2. term - 37-42 weeks
3. more than 42 weeks

Question 14

what is considered low birth weight? very low? extremely low?

Answer 14

1. low - less than 2500g (5.5 lbs)
2. very low - less than 1500g (3.5 lbs)
3. extremely low - less than 1000g (2.25 lbs)

Question 15

corrected age is used for all premature infants of what ages?

Answer 15

less than 37 weeks through 24 months

Question 16

why is enteral nutrition introduced?

Answer 16

to prevent aspiration, necrotizing enterocolitis, feeding intolerance

Question 17

parenteral nutrition is used for premature infants in what weight classes?

Answer 17

very low and extremely low

Question 18

when is parenteral nutrition implemented and what is the purpose?

Answer 18

1. within 24 hours

2. promote energy intake, promote glucose homeostasis, establish nitrogen balance, prevent EFA deficiency

Question 19

what is primary failure to thrive?

Answer 19

social or environmental deficits - inadequate feeding procedures limiting adequate nutrition

Question 20

what is secondary failure to thrive?

Answer 20

originates from disease states

Question 21

definition: necrotizing enterocolitis

Answer 21

acute inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by ischemic necrosis of GI mucosa

Question 22

what is the intervention for necrotizing enterocolitis?

Answer 22

1. parenteral nutrition for 14-21 days post op
2. transition to enteral nutrition
3. recovery - 2x protein, 25%+ kcals, frequent feeding, supplement with elemental formulas