Diabetes and nutrition

Question 1

definition: diabetes

Answer 1

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Question 2

what are the short term complications of diabetes?

Answer 2

keto-acidosis, hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis

Question 3

insulin increases which processes?

Answer 3

1. glucose uptake in muscle and adipose
2. amino acid uptake and protein synthesis
3. FA synthesis and esterification
4. glycogen synthesis
5. glycolysis

Question 4

insulin decreases which processes?

Answer 4

1. blood glucose levels
2. gluconeogensis
3. lipolysis
4. proteolysis

Question 5

how does leptin affect insulin?

Answer 5

suppression

Question 6

how does sympathetic nervous system affect insulin?

Answer 6

suppression

Question 7

glucagon increases what processes?

Answer 7

1. breakdown of glycogen
2. lipolysis
3. gluconeogenesis
4. ketogenesis

Question 8

glucagon decreases what processes?

Answer 8

1. synthesis of glycolytic enzymes
2. rate of glycolysis
3. glycogen synthesis

Question 9

what is the effect of low blood glucose on glucagon?

Answer 9

stimulation

Question 10

what is the effect of increased circulating amino acids on glucagon?

Answer 10

stimulation

Question 11

what is the effect of sympathetic nervous system (eg norepi) on glucagon?

Answer 11

stimulation

Question 12

what is the effect of hyperglycemia on glucagon?

Answer 12

repression

Question 13

what is the effect of increased circulating fatty acids on glucagon?

Answer 13

repression

Question 14

what is the effect of somatostatin on glucagon?

Answer 14

repression

Question 15

definition: glycemic index

Answer 15

a measure of how quickly a food causes our blood sugar levels to rise (0-100)

Question 16

definition: glycemic load

Answer 16

(glycemic index x carb content in serving) / 100

Question 17

what is the best way to achieve glycemic control?

Answer 17

total carb intake regulation

Question 18

what are the elements of metabolic syndrome?

Answer 18

1. high TGs
2. hypertension
3. central obesity
4. low HDL
5. hyperglycemia

Question 19

what is the role of viscous fiber?

Answer 19

blood sugar control, slows glucose absorption

Question 20

what is the role of gum and pectin fiber?

Answer 20

forms gel with water

Question 21

what is the role of incompletely fermented fiber?

Answer 21

enhance digestion

Question 22

what is the role of cellulose and hemicellulose fiber?

Answer 22

substrate for microbial fermentation, helps add bulk to stool

Question 23

what is the role of lignin fiber?

Answer 23

binds to bile acids to prevent reabsorption in the intestine

Question 24

carbs should be what % of total calories in diabetic patients?

Answer 24

45-65%

Question 25

protein should be what % of total calories in diabetic patients?

Answer 25

10-35%

Question 26

fat should be what % of total calories in diabetic patients?

Answer 26

20-35%

Question 27

saturated fats should be what % of total calories in diabetic patients?

Answer 27

less than 10%

Question 28

how much cholesterol should a diabetic patient consume per day?

Answer 28

less than 300 mg

Question 29

how much dietary fiber should a diabetic patient consume per day?

Answer 29

38 g male, 25 g female

Question 30

is carb counting better for type 1 or 2 diabetics?

Answer 30

type 1