Nutrition and cardiovascular disease I and II

Question 1

what constitutes lipoproteins?

Answer 1

1. cholesterol
2. cholesterol esters
3. TGs
4. apolipoproteins
5. phospholipids

Question 2

what are the atherogenic lipoproteins?

Answer 2

chylomicron remnants, VLDL remnants, LDL

Question 3

what are the non-atherogenic lipoproteins?

Answer 3

chylomicrons, HDL, VLDL

Question 4

what is the function of chylomicrons?

Answer 4

transport of fat-soluble molecules from intestine to other organs

Question 5

chylomicrons are cleaved by what enzyme to to release molecules to various sites?

Answer 5

lipoprotein lipase

Question 6

what is carried in chylomicrons?

Answer 6

1. TGs
2. cholesterol
3. vitamin A and beta-carotene
4. vitamin D
5. vitamin E
6. vitamin K

Question 7

what is the role of VLDLs?

Answer 7

1. transport lipids from liver to muscles and other organs

2. transport cholesterol, TGs, vitamin E

Question 8

what enzymes are contained in HDL?

Answer 8

LCAT and apoE

Question 9

what are the functions of HDL?

Answer 9

1. transfer apoCII and apoE to chylomicrons and VLDL to regulate their metabolism
2. take up cholesterol from LDL and VLDL and phospholipids from VLDL
3. reverse transport of cholesterol (removal from peripheral tissues)

Question 10

myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids are what type of fat?

Answer 10

saturated

Question 11

what are the “good” fatty acids?

Answer 11

linoleic, a-linoleic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexanoic

Question 12

what are the “bad” fatty acids?

Answer 12

myristic, palmitic, stearic

Question 13

MUFAs have a higher or lower melting point than PUFAs?

Answer 13

higher

Question 14

which monounsaturated fatty acids have 16:1 and 18:1 orientations, respectively?

Answer 14

palmitoleic and oleic

Question 15

what is the role of eicosanoids?

Answer 15

signaling molecules, used in growth during and after physical activity, in immunity and inflammation, and as messengers in the CNS

Question 16

what are eicosanoids made from?

Answer 16

20 carbon FAs

Question 17

which eicosanoids are pro-inflammatory?

Answer 17

those from N6 oils

Question 18

which enzymes inactivate ROS as they are created?

Answer 18

SOD, catalase

Question 19

which proteins and metabolites protect against aqueous environments within and outside cells?

Answer 19

albumin, uric acid, ascorbic acid

Question 20

what is responsible for regenerating a-tocopherol after it has scavenged a free radical?

Answer 20

ascorbic acid

Question 21

what catalyzes the first step in the process of aldosterone production?

Answer 21

renin

Question 22

where does angiotensis exert its functions?

Answer 22

blood vessel, brain, kidney, adrenal glands

Question 23

how does hypokalemia increase the risk of stroke?

Answer 23

stimulating renin secretion and causing vascoconstriction

Question 24

with every 10kg drop in body weight, how much does BP drop?

Answer 24

5-20 mm Hg

Question 25

what is the current recommendation for daily salt intake?

Answer 25

less than 2300 mg per day