water potential blood and kidneys

Question 1

where are the kidneys found

Answer 1

at the back of the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine

Question 2

what is on the outside

Answer 2

fiborous tissue capsule

Question 3

what does it do

Answer 3

protects the kidney

Question 4

what is the lighter colored part

Answer 4

the cortex

Question 5

what does it do

Answer 5

made of renal capsule and convulated tubules

Question 6

what it the darker color region

Answer 6

the medulla

Question 7

what does it do

Answer 7

made up of loop of henle and collecting ducts

Question 8

what is the renal pelvis

Answer 8

collects urine into the ureter

Question 9

what is the ureter

Answer 9

carries urine from kidney to bladder

Question 10

what is a nephron

Answer 10

the functional unit of the kidney

Question 11

what is it made from

Answer 11

the bomans capsule

Question 12

describe the bowmans capsule

Answer 12

the closed end is at the start if the nephron and surrounds the glomerulus and lined with podocytes

Question 13

what is the proximal convulated tube

Answer 13

series of loop surrounded by blood capillaries which are made from epithelial cells and microvilli

Question 14

what s the loop of henle

Answer 14

long hairpin loop that extends from the cortex into the medulla of each kidney and back again surrounded by capillaries

Question 15

what is the distal convulated loop

Answer 15

surrounded by less blood capillairies and far away from the afferent tubule

Question 16

describe the collecting duct

Answer 16

where the distal tubes empty lined with epithelial cells

Question 17

what is the afferent arteriole

Answer 17

tiny vessel from the renal artery that supplies the nephron with the blood joins to the glomerulus

Question 18

what is the glomerulus

Answer 18

many branches knotted capilarries from which fluid is forced out of the blood connected to efferent arteriole

Question 19

what is the efferent warteriole

Answer 19

tiny vessel that leaves the renal capsule and branch into capillaries and then merge to form renal vein

Question 20

describe the blood capillaires

Answer 20

branches of the efferent arteriole concentrated around the proximal tubule to reabsorb the glucose and water and then merge to form renal vein

Question 21

how does nephron maintain osmoregulation

Answer 21

formation of glomuler filtrate by ultrafiltration
reabsorption of glucose and water thru pct.
maintenance of a gradient of sodium ions in medulla of loop o Henle
reabsorb water in collecting duct

Question 22

how is the filtrate made

Answer 22

blood enter the afferent arteriole which has high pressure already into the glomerulus , as the efferent diameter is smaller the pressure further increases
hydrostatic blood pressure is higher compared to the bowmans capsule
fluid is pushed out, water, small ions through pores in the capillaires and large protiens remain behind

Question 23

how can the fluid move through the endothelium

Answer 23

there are small gaps which allow plasma through

Question 24

what is the basement membrane

Answer 24

fine mesh of collagen fibre and glycoprotein which acts as barrier to stop protein from getting through

Question 25

what are podocytes

Answer 25

epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule

Question 26

what do they have and how do they work

Answer 26

contain small finger like projections that form gaps to allow fluid to pass through into bowmans capsule

Question 27

what resistance is created to prevent the fluid from flowing out

Answer 27

capillary endothelial
connective tissue
hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in renal capsule space
low water potential

Question 28

where does the reabsorption of glucose take place

Answer 28

in the proximal convulated tubule

Question 29

what does the microvilli and inbase provide

Answer 29

a large surface area to reabsorb filtrate substances

Question 30

what does mitochondria provide

Answer 30

much required atp for active transport of sodium ions

Question 31

what happens to the sodium ions and what haopens to concentration

Answer 31

they are actively transported out of the epithelial cells of the convoluted tubes into the blood capillaries decreasing the concentration in the epithelial cell

Question 32

what happens in the lumen of the renal capsule

Answer 32

sodium ions diffuses down a concentration gradient from lumen to epithelial cells carrying another molecule being transported through cotransport against

Question 33

what happens to the other molecule

Answer 33

it diffuses from the epithelial lining to the blood capilalires down concentration gradient