water potential blood and kidneys Flashcards
where are the kidneys found
at the back of the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine
what is on the outside
fiborous tissue capsule
what does it do
protects the kidney
what is the lighter colored part
the cortex
what does it do
made of renal capsule and convulated tubules
what it the darker color region
the medulla
what does it do
made up of loop of henle and collecting ducts
what is the renal pelvis
collects urine into the ureter
what is the ureter
carries urine from kidney to bladder
what is a nephron
the functional unit of the kidney
what is it made from
the bomans capsule
describe the bowmans capsule
the closed end is at the start if the nephron and surrounds the glomerulus and lined with podocytes
what is the proximal convulated tube
series of loop surrounded by blood capillaries which are made from epithelial cells and microvilli
what s the loop of henle
long hairpin loop that extends from the cortex into the medulla of each kidney and back again surrounded by capillaries
what is the distal convulated loop
surrounded by less blood capillairies and far away from the afferent tubule
describe the collecting duct
where the distal tubes empty lined with epithelial cells
what is the afferent arteriole
tiny vessel from the renal artery that supplies the nephron with the blood joins to the glomerulus
what is the glomerulus
many branches knotted capilarries from which fluid is forced out of the blood connected to efferent arteriole
what is the efferent warteriole
tiny vessel that leaves the renal capsule and branch into capillaries and then merge to form renal vein
describe the blood capillaires
branches of the efferent arteriole concentrated around the proximal tubule to reabsorb the glucose and water and then merge to form renal vein
how does nephron maintain osmoregulation
formation of glomuler filtrate by ultrafiltration
reabsorption of glucose and water thru pct.
maintenance of a gradient of sodium ions in medulla of loop o Henle
reabsorb water in collecting duct
how is the filtrate made
blood enter the afferent arteriole which has high pressure already into the glomerulus , as the efferent diameter is smaller the pressure further increases
hydrostatic blood pressure is higher compared to the bowmans capsule
fluid is pushed out, water, small ions through pores in the capillaires and large protiens remain behind
how can the fluid move through the endothelium
there are small gaps which allow plasma through
what is the basement membrane
fine mesh of collagen fibre and glycoprotein which acts as barrier to stop protein from getting through
what are podocytes
epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule
what do they have and how do they work
contain small finger like projections that form gaps to allow fluid to pass through into bowmans capsule
what resistance is created to prevent the fluid from flowing out
capillary endothelial
connective tissue
hydrostatic pressure of the fluid in renal capsule space
low water potential
where does the reabsorption of glucose take place
in the proximal convulated tubule
what does the microvilli and inbase provide
a large surface area to reabsorb filtrate substances
what does mitochondria provide
much required atp for active transport of sodium ions
what happens to the sodium ions and what haopens to concentration
they are actively transported out of the epithelial cells of the convoluted tubes into the blood capillaries decreasing the concentration in the epithelial cell
what happens in the lumen of the renal capsule
sodium ions diffuses down a concentration gradient from lumen to epithelial cells carrying another molecule being transported through cotransport against
what happens to the other molecule
it diffuses from the epithelial lining to the blood capilalires down concentration gradient
