stem cells and totipotency Flashcards

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1
Q

what is differentiation

A

when cells develop into specialised cell structures

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2
Q

how do single cell organism carry out function

A

one cell carries out all the functions adequately but cannot carry one out efficiently

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3
Q

what are the cells in multicellular organisms

A

they are adapted to carry out specific roles and functions

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4
Q

how do multicellular organisms start off

A

a tiny ball- zygote of identical cells

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5
Q

what happens as the cell starts to differentiate

A

dvelop individual characteristics that allow them to carry out function efficiently

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6
Q

what do all cells contain and why

A

they all contain the same genes as they start to mitotically divide of the zygote

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7
Q

so what does this mean in terms of capability

A

all cells are capable of making every protien in the body

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8
Q

so why arent all the protiens produced by every cell

A

only certain genes are expressed in only one cell at a time

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9
Q

what genes are permanely expressed in all cells

A

such as enzymes for repiration, transcription and translation of protien ass all cells carry out these process

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10
Q

why are differentiated cells different visibly

A

they produce different protiens as a result of the different genes expression which causes them to look different

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11
Q

what is totipotent

A

when s cell can develop into any body cell such as a zygote and later become differentiated

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12
Q

so har are the specified protiens made

A

only the section of dna for a particular polypeptide is translated and transcripted to make the desired gne

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13
Q

what can they do but dont do

A

they can stimulate other protiens but doing so would be wasteful

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14
Q

how do you activate the other protiens

A

enable transcription and translation

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15
Q

what is the limitation of specialised cells

A

their differentiation is usually irreversible eg red blood cells

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16
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that have the ability to mature and differentiate into other cells

17
Q

what is special about stem cells

A

occur in a adult cells and constantly dividing and make identical copies of themselves -self renewal

18
Q

where do they come from

A

embryonic stem cell
umbilical cord
plasma stem cells
adult stem cells

19
Q

what are embryonic stem cells

A

they come from embryos in early stage of development and can differentiate into any cell

20
Q

what are adult stem cells

A

found in featus and continue to find in adult TISSUES they are specific to a tissue or organ and replace the damaged cell or repair through self renewal

21
Q

what is totipotent

A

found in zygote can differentiate into any cell, usually only slightly develop into a more specialised cell like a pluropotent

22
Q

what is pluripotent

A

found in embryos and can differentiate into nearly almost any type of cell and form more specialised multipotent

23
Q

what is multipotent

A

found in adult stem cells usually differentiate to limited particular UNIPOTENT type of cells eg blood marrow to blood cells develop into unipotent

24
Q

what is unipotent stem cells

A

any body cell can only differentiate into one type of cell made in adult tissue

25
Q

what is an induced pluripotent stem cell

A

type of pluripotent cells formed from unipotent cells

26
Q

what happens to these unipotent stem cells

A

they are genetically altered and we add transcription facotr to induce genes

27
Q

what does this do

A

turn gene on which were turned off

28
Q

what is special about ips

A

they are very simmilair to embryonic stem cell and can almost differentiate into any cell

29
Q

however what are the differences

A

they may be made from different material , and also can divide indefinately as they are self renewal

30
Q

what is a strength of using ips

A

no need to use embryos so maneuvere the ethics

can help treat disease a

31
Q

what are the weakness

A

they have the potential to also cause disease

32
Q

why do we prefer to use zygote and embryonic in research

A

as they have the greatest potential to differentiate into any cells and treat disease

33
Q

how are the cells obtained

A

the extra embryos that are left over after ivf treatment

34
Q

when is such research allowed

A

only under strict condition in attempt to treat diseases

35
Q

what is done to the embryos

A

they are cultured in nutrients which causes the inernal mass to be released

36
Q

what happens to this mass

A

chemicals are added which breaks the mass up into smaller groups

37
Q

what happens to the groups

A

they are grown in colonies of embryonic stem cell and then added differentiated factors

38
Q

what do people consider about using human embryos

A

they arent human before the age of 14 dyas
however we shouldnt make an embryo suffer for no reason
its just a ball of cells