blood glucose concentration regulation Flashcards
what importance does the liver play
plays a role in maintaining the blood glucose concentration levels as this is where the enzyme action take place
what is glycogenesis
when the blood glucose concentration is too high liver takes glucose which is converted into glycogen
what is glycogenolysis
when the glucose concentraion in the blood is too low liver converts glycogen into glucose which then diffuses into the blood
what is gluconogenesis
conversion of amino acids and glycerol into glucose when glycogen levels are low
why is glucose levels need to be maintained
substrate for respiration providing energy for all organism and production of atp
what would happen if there was little to no glucose
cell will not respire have no energy and then die
why is brain cells most sensitive
as they only respire with glucose
What will happen if the glucose level is too high
it will decrease the osomotic balance and decrease the water potential in the blood leading to dehydration
what is the islet of langherns give the differences
hormone producing cells that produce both alpha bigger and release glucagon and beta cells release insulin
where does blood glucose come from
directly from the diet in the form of carbs and starch hydrolyzing
hydrolysis of glycogen in the liver
from gluconegenesis
what happens when the concentration rises
the b cells have receptors that detect stimulus rise in blood sugar and respond by secreting insulin directly into the blood
what is insulin
a globur protien made from 51 amino acids
what does the insulin do
bind to glycoprotein receptors that are found in every cells
changing the tertiary structure of the glucose transport carrier protein so that they open and glucose taken into the cell by facillitated diffusion
also activate enzyme that convert gluvos to glycogen
how are these protiens present at. low concentration
they are found in vescicles that then fuse with the membrane when the concentration is high
what role does the liver play in regulating glucose concentration levels
the conversion of glucose to glycogen only takes place in the liver so can store it in is mass and glycogenelysis only takes place in the liver
what happens if the level of glucose is too high
the alpha cells detect the rise in glucose concentration and then secrete glucagon directly into the blood plasma
what response does glucagon produce
attach to specific protein receptors on liver and muscle cell membrane activating enzymes that convert glycogen into glucose
also activate enzyme that convert amino acids and glycerol into glucose
how does the insulin reduce the concentration what does it dp to the body
increase rate of absorption
increasing respiratory rate which then uses glucose more easily
increasing rate of conversion of glucose to fat and glycogen
what role does adrenaline play in maintaining glucose concentration
sympathetic response when adrenaline is released it binds to specific proteins on the liver cells which activate enzymes that convert glycogen to glucose
why does adrenaline do this
so there is more glucose available for respiration
what are hormones
chemical messengers secreted by gland and bind to specific receptor at target cell or organ
what is the secondry messenger model
two hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose level
what is the mechanism involve
adrenaline binds to a transmembrane protein within the membrane of the liver cell
the binding causes the protein to change shape
change of protein leads to the activation of adenyl cyclase to convert atp to camp
camp then acts as a second messenger and binds to protein kinase and changing its shape and activating it to catalyse glycogen to glucose
