W9- Lecture 45-Reproduction and Development Flashcards

1
Q

when does testicular decent take place ?

A

Occurs during gestational development in humans.1st trimester

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2
Q

how and where are the Testis (& epididymis) anchored (pre decent)?

A

anchored anteriorly by the Diaphragmatic (cranial) ligament,
posteriorly by the Gubernaculum testis.

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3
Q

describe the decent of the testes

+ describe the impact of positional defects / why

A

Body grows,
gubernaculum shrinks,
diphragmatic ligament degenerates
descent through inguinal canal. (Gubernaculum degenerates.)

Positional defects ~2%. Cryptorchidism: links to testicular cancer.
due to temperature too hot for optimum

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4
Q

what 4 sections is the penis made of ?

A

root, shaft, neck & head

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5
Q

name two important spongy tissues found in the shaft of the penis

A

Corpus cavernosum & Corpus spongiosum (around urethra), which are erectile tissues.

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6
Q

where does the base of the the penis attach?

via what

A

Base, (root) attached below pubic symphysis.

Crura of corpora attached via ligament to bone.

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7
Q

name the structures in the head of the penis

A

prepuce(foreskin)
, glans penis(head)
& external meatus(external urethral orifice)

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8
Q

describe tumescence aka an erection

A

NO (nitric oxide secondary messenger )
arterial dilation
increased blood flow into Corpora cavernosa;
turgor (pressure.) reduces venous blood flow by constriction.

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9
Q

why is the Corpus spongiosum important?

A

allows sperm to exit during an erection

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10
Q

name two glands
location
and their role in the penus

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands: at base of penis secreting alkaline mucus to lubricate and neutralise urinary acids.

Preputial glands: waxy secretion (smegma) between prepuce & glans.

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11
Q

what is the normal volume for the testes ?

what is this an indicator of ?

A

12 – 30ml vol. (mean 18ml).

indicator of sperm production

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12
Q

what is the Tunica albuginea ?

A

thick wall that encloses the testicular cavity

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13
Q

describe how the testicular cavity is divided

A

divided by septa, each containing coiled seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

what is the Pampiniform Plexus

+ the function

A

venous network - anastomosing veins wrap around the testicular artery

heat exchange mechanism

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15
Q
Seminiferous tubules (location of meiosis ) empty into a chamber 
what vessels do these go through ?
A

rete testis
efferent ducts
epididymis.

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16
Q

how is the Epididymis bound to the testes ?

A

via the Tunica vaginalis

17
Q

what structures are found in the epididimis

+ overall function

A

caput, (receives spermatozoa)
corpus, (gain motility)
cauda(sperm reservoir)

  • overall involved in sperm maturation
18
Q

how does sperm leave the epididymis?
where does it go
what else empties into the end structure ?

A

via Ductus deferens
to the urethra

Prostate gland & seminal vesicles also empty into urethra.

19
Q

what hormone is the prostate dependant on ?

how can this be applied to treatment

A

Prostate gland is androgen dependent

hormonal-based therapy for prostate cancer.

20
Q

what cells are found
1 extra tubular
2 tubular
3 intra tubular

A

1 interstitial cells. Leydig cells(testosterone producing), macrophages

2: peritubular cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells (peristalsis of tubule).

3spermatogonia (but outside blood-testis barrier), Sertoli cells (somatic), spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa

21
Q

where do sertoli cells attach?

where do you find spermatogonia

A

attached to base of tubule
spermatogonia lie beneath Tight junctions
between S. cells and blood-testis barrier

22
Q

where does Post-spermatogonial stages of spermatogonia take place ?
through maturation where do they travel ?

A

within S. cells

towards lumen of tubule

23
Q

describe the development of spermatogenic cells

+ diploid or haploid

A

spermatogonium (2n)
primary then secondary spermatocytes(2n)
early the late spermatids (n)
sperm cell/ spermatozoon (n)

24
Q

where do immature spermatozoa in the testes move to ?

where does the Peristaltic action move the sperm into ?

A

Immature s’zoa shed into lumen

rete testis.

25
Q
what structures are found in the female reproductive system 
vulva 
cagina 
cervix
uterus 
ovidiucts / follopian tubes
A

Vulva: labia minora & majora + clitoris

Vagina: incl. hymen

Cervix: internal & external os at either end of cervical canal

Uterus:Layers: endometrium(shedded), myometrium(thick + muscular ), perimetrium(membrane outside of uterus)

Oviducts/Fallopian tubes: fimbriae, ampulla(region of fertilisation ) + isthmus(joining oviduct to uterus / initial region of the oviducts that sperm enter)

26
Q

what is the function of the rectouterine pouch aka pouch of Douglas ?

A

sperm reservoir- sperm is deposited there during intercourse

27
Q

what are rugae / where are they found ?

A

muscular ridges inside the vagina

28
Q

what is the function of the fimbriae/ infundibulum ?

A

wafts egg into fallopian tubes

as they are cillated

29
Q

why do ectopic pregnancies happen ?

A

fertilised egg develops outside of the uterus

30
Q

describe the stages of Folliculogenesis

A

Germinal epithelium: Continuous proliferation to repair ovulation wound. Links to ovarian cancer.

Tunica albuginea: of the testis…!

Ovarian cortex: Destination of primordial germ cells so home to all follicles.

Ovarian medulla:Site of cardiovascular & neural supply.