W9- Lecture 45-Reproduction and Development

Question 1

when does testicular decent take place ?

Answer 1

Occurs during gestational development in humans.1st trimester

Question 2

how and where are the Testis (& epididymis) anchored (pre decent)?

Answer 2

anchored anteriorly by the Diaphragmatic (cranial) ligament,
posteriorly by the Gubernaculum testis.

Question 3

describe the decent of the testes

+ describe the impact of positional defects / why

Answer 3

Body grows,
gubernaculum shrinks,
diphragmatic ligament degenerates
descent through inguinal canal. (Gubernaculum degenerates.)

Positional defects ~2%. Cryptorchidism: links to testicular cancer.
due to temperature too hot for optimum

Question 4

what 4 sections is the penis made of ?

Answer 4

root, shaft, neck & head

Question 5

name two important spongy tissues found in the shaft of the penis

Answer 5

Corpus cavernosum & Corpus spongiosum (around urethra), which are erectile tissues.

Question 6

where does the base of the the penis attach?

via what

Answer 6

Base, (root) attached below pubic symphysis.

Crura of corpora attached via ligament to bone.

Question 7

name the structures in the head of the penis

Answer 7

prepuce(foreskin)
, glans penis(head)
& external meatus(external urethral orifice)

Question 8

describe tumescence aka an erection

Answer 8

NO (nitric oxide secondary messenger )
arterial dilation
increased blood flow into Corpora cavernosa;
turgor (pressure.) reduces venous blood flow by constriction.

Question 9

why is the Corpus spongiosum important?

Answer 9

allows sperm to exit during an erection

Question 10

name two glands
location
and their role in the penus

Answer 10

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands: at base of penis secreting alkaline mucus to lubricate and neutralise urinary acids.

Preputial glands: waxy secretion (smegma) between prepuce & glans.

Question 11

what is the normal volume for the testes ?

what is this an indicator of ?

Answer 11

12 – 30ml vol. (mean 18ml).

indicator of sperm production

Question 12

what is the Tunica albuginea ?

Answer 12

thick wall that encloses the testicular cavity

Question 13

describe how the testicular cavity is divided

Answer 13

divided by septa, each containing coiled seminiferous tubules

Question 14

what is the Pampiniform Plexus

+ the function

Answer 14

venous network - anastomosing veins wrap around the testicular artery

heat exchange mechanism

Question 15

Seminiferous tubules (location of meiosis ) empty into a chamber 
what vessels do these go through ?

Answer 15

rete testis
efferent ducts
epididymis.

Question 16

how is the Epididymis bound to the testes ?

Answer 16

via the Tunica vaginalis

Question 17

what structures are found in the epididimis

+ overall function

Answer 17

caput, (receives spermatozoa)
corpus, (gain motility)
cauda(sperm reservoir)

• overall involved in sperm maturation

Question 18

how does sperm leave the epididymis?
where does it go
what else empties into the end structure ?

Answer 18

via Ductus deferens
to the urethra

Prostate gland & seminal vesicles also empty into urethra.

Question 19

what hormone is the prostate dependant on ?

how can this be applied to treatment

Answer 19

Prostate gland is androgen dependent

hormonal-based therapy for prostate cancer.

Question 20

what cells are found
1 extra tubular
2 tubular
3 intra tubular

Answer 20

1 interstitial cells. Leydig cells(testosterone producing), macrophages

2: peritubular cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells (peristalsis of tubule).

3spermatogonia (but outside blood-testis barrier), Sertoli cells (somatic), spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa

Question 21

where do sertoli cells attach?

where do you find spermatogonia

Answer 21

attached to base of tubule
spermatogonia lie beneath Tight junctions
between S. cells and blood-testis barrier

Question 22

where does Post-spermatogonial stages of spermatogonia take place ?
through maturation where do they travel ?

Answer 22

within S. cells

towards lumen of tubule

Question 23

describe the development of spermatogenic cells

+ diploid or haploid

Answer 23

spermatogonium (2n)
primary then secondary spermatocytes(2n)
early the late spermatids (n)
sperm cell/ spermatozoon (n)

Question 24

where do immature spermatozoa in the testes move to ?

where does the Peristaltic action move the sperm into ?

Answer 24

Immature s’zoa shed into lumen

rete testis.

Question 25

what structures are found in the female reproductive system 
vulva 
cagina 
cervix
uterus 
ovidiucts / follopian tubes

Answer 25

Vulva: labia minora & majora + clitoris

Vagina: incl. hymen

Cervix: internal & external os at either end of cervical canal

Uterus:Layers: endometrium(shedded), myometrium(thick + muscular ), perimetrium(membrane outside of uterus)

Oviducts/Fallopian tubes: fimbriae, ampulla(region of fertilisation ) + isthmus(joining oviduct to uterus / initial region of the oviducts that sperm enter)

Question 26

what is the function of the rectouterine pouch aka pouch of Douglas ?

Answer 26

sperm reservoir- sperm is deposited there during intercourse

Question 27

what are rugae / where are they found ?

Answer 27

muscular ridges inside the vagina

Question 28

what is the function of the fimbriae/ infundibulum ?

Answer 28

wafts egg into fallopian tubes

as they are cillated

Question 29

why do ectopic pregnancies happen ?

Answer 29

fertilised egg develops outside of the uterus

Question 30

describe the stages of Folliculogenesis

Answer 30

Germinal epithelium: Continuous proliferation to repair ovulation wound. Links to ovarian cancer.

Tunica albuginea: of the testis…!

Ovarian cortex: Destination of primordial germ cells so home to all follicles.

Ovarian medulla:Site of cardiovascular & neural supply.