W3- Lecture 16.2- Neoplasm 2

Question 1

Name the 4 histological changed of cancer progression

Answer 1

Normal 
Atypical 
Benign (non-cancerous)
Malignant 
Metastatic

Question 2

Define dysplasia

Answer 2

Atypical cells (looks different )

Question 3

Name the three cell cycle checkpoints where there is regulation of DNA damage

Answer 3

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
Mitotic spindle checkpoint

Question 4

Review cell cycle 
G0
G1
S
G2
M

Answer 4

G0: RESTING phase where cell has left the cycle and stopped dividing.
G1: Cell increases in size-G1 Checkpoint ensures everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
S: DNA replication.
G2: Cell continues to grow- G2 checkpoint ensures everything is in place for mitosis
M: Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells.

Question 5

What three genes help regulate

Answer 5

Oncogene
Tumour suppressor gene
DNA Repair gene

Question 6

Describe the
Tumour suppressor gene
Oncogene
DNA repair gene

Answer 6

Tumour Suppressor Genes (-):
Loss of function of genes that inhibit cell cycle or that promote apoptosis.

Oncogenes (+):
Aberrant activation of genes that drive cell cycle, or that inhibit apoptosis.

DNA Repair Genes (-):
Loss of function of genes that protect cells from genetic damage, thus allowing accumulation of mutations that may affect TSGs or oncogenes.

Question 7

Mutations disrupt the check marks leading to

Answer 7

Hyperplasia - dysplasia - in situ cancer - invasive cancer

Question 8

What is an adenoma

Answer 8

benigntumourofepithelialtissue withglandularorigin, glandular characteristics, or both.

Question 9

What is a carcinoma ?

Answer 9

type ofcancerthat develops fromepithelial cells.
begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body
And is malignant

Question 10

Describe the evolution of a colorectal tumour (Adenomatous Polyposis Colon Cancer)

Answer 10

Mucosa (innermost wall) is attacked first

Formation of adenomas then carcinomas

Question 11

What is the evolution of Adenomatous Polyposis Colon Cancer commonly driven by

Answer 11

loss of cell cycle inhibition and genomic stability

Question 12

What is the Evolution Of A Uterine Tumour commonly driven by ?

Answer 12

Unopposed oestrogen signalling due to genetic alterations

Question 13

What is a koilocyte?

Answer 13

A squamous epithelialcell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of thecellbyhuman papillomavirus

Question 14

What is the Evolution Of A Cervical Tumour commonly driven by ?

Answer 14

By viral infection e.g HPV

Question 15

What is

Koilocytosisorkoilocytic atypiaorkoilocytotic atypia

Answer 15

(terms used inhistologyandcytologyto describe )

The presence of koilocytes in a specimen.

Question 16

Name a cancer in which its progression is less clear then (colorectal, uterine and cervical ) and hence only detected at late stages as the early stages are unclear

Answer 16

Ovarian cancer

+ different types exist

Question 17

Is cancer homogeneous or heterogenous ?

Answer 17

heterogenous

Question 18

How care tumours defined ?

Answer 18

Tissue of origin.
Benign or malignant.
Tumour grade.
Tumour stage.
Tumour histology.

Question 19

Describe the term grade in terms of a tumour

Answer 19

appearance and behaviour when viewed under a microscope.

compared to normal cells

Question 20

Describe differentiation

+how is it described ?

Answer 20

how cancer cells look and function compared to normal cells

Described in degrees

Question 21

Describe what is meant by a cell being well-differentiated

Answer 21

cancer cells look and behave like the normal cells in the tissue they started to grow in.

Question 22

Describe what is meant by a cell being undifferentiated / poorly differentiated

Answer 22

cancer cells look and behave quite differently from normal cells in the tissue they started to grow in. They look immature or undeveloped and often do not resemble the tissue of origin at all.

Question 23

Describe benign tumours in terms of differentiation

Answer 23

Well-differentiated

Making it slower growing + less aggressive

Question 24

Describe the structure of benign and malignant cells

Answer 24

B-resemblance to normal cells (well differentiated )

M-abnormal less similarity to normal cells (anaplastic )

Question 25

Describe the mitoses of benign and malignant cells

Answer 25

B-few

M-relatively uncommon

Question 26

Describe the growth/ growth duration of benign and malignant cells

Answer 26

B-usually expansive
-may stop growing

M-invasive
-rarely stop growing

Question 27

Describe the encapsulation of benign and malignant cells

Answer 27

B-usually

M- rarely

Question 28

Describe the metastasis of benign and malignant cells

Answer 28

B- none

M-frequent

Question 29

Describe the effect on host of benign and malignant cells

Answer 29

B- slight hard due to location or complication

M-significant harm sure to invasion & metastasis

Question 30

What is the tumour grade based on ?

Answer 30

A measure of how abnormal the cancer cells look compared to normal tissue

• appearance
• mitotic behaviour

Question 31

What does a higher tumour grade mean ?

Answer 31

Higher the grade = the more abnormal the cells within the tumour look
+ the faster the growing it tends to be

Question 32

Why is cancer so hard to treat ?

Answer 32

It’s multifactorial and not all cancers have a set progression

Question 33

Define Gleason’s pattern for tumour grade

Answer 33

1 = small and uniform hence well differentiated
2/3= moderately differentiated
4/5= poorly differentiated
aka anaplastic

Question 34

What is tumour stage a measurement of ?

Answer 34

A measure of how far the tumour has disseminated + size

Also looking at lymph node involvement

Question 35

What are the four tumour stages

Answer 35

1=localised
2=Early localised but advancing
3=Late locally advanced
4=metastasised