W3- Lecture 16.2- Neoplasm 2 Flashcards
Name the 4 histological changed of cancer progression
Normal Atypical Benign (non-cancerous) Malignant Metastatic
Define dysplasia
Atypical cells (looks different )
Name the three cell cycle checkpoints where there is regulation of DNA damage
G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
Mitotic spindle checkpoint
Review cell cycle G0 G1 S G2 M
G0: RESTING phase where cell has left the cycle and stopped dividing.
G1: Cell increases in size-G1 Checkpoint ensures everything is ready for DNA synthesis.
S: DNA replication.
G2: Cell continues to grow- G2 checkpoint ensures everything is in place for mitosis
M: Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells.
What three genes help regulate
Oncogene
Tumour suppressor gene
DNA Repair gene
Describe the
Tumour suppressor gene
Oncogene
DNA repair gene
Tumour Suppressor Genes (-):
Loss of function of genes that inhibit cell cycle or that promote apoptosis.
Oncogenes (+):
Aberrant activation of genes that drive cell cycle, or that inhibit apoptosis.
DNA Repair Genes (-):
Loss of function of genes that protect cells from genetic damage, thus allowing accumulation of mutations that may affect TSGs or oncogenes.
Mutations disrupt the check marks leading to
Hyperplasia - dysplasia - in situ cancer - invasive cancer
What is an adenoma
benigntumourofepithelialtissue withglandularorigin, glandular characteristics, or both.
What is a carcinoma ?
type ofcancerthat develops fromepithelial cells.
begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body
And is malignant
Describe the evolution of a colorectal tumour (Adenomatous Polyposis Colon Cancer)
Mucosa (innermost wall) is attacked first
Formation of adenomas then carcinomas
What is the evolution of Adenomatous Polyposis Colon Cancer commonly driven by
loss of cell cycle inhibition and genomic stability
What is the Evolution Of A Uterine Tumour commonly driven by ?
Unopposed oestrogen signalling due to genetic alterations
What is a koilocyte?
A squamous epithelialcell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of thecellbyhuman papillomavirus
What is the Evolution Of A Cervical Tumour commonly driven by ?
By viral infection e.g HPV
What is
Koilocytosisorkoilocytic atypiaorkoilocytotic atypia
(terms used inhistologyandcytologyto describe )
The presence of koilocytes in a specimen.
Name a cancer in which its progression is less clear then (colorectal, uterine and cervical ) and hence only detected at late stages as the early stages are unclear
Ovarian cancer
+ different types exist
Is cancer homogeneous or heterogenous ?
heterogenous
How care tumours defined ?
Tissue of origin. Benign or malignant. Tumour grade. Tumour stage. Tumour histology.
Describe the term grade in terms of a tumour
appearance and behaviour when viewed under a microscope.
compared to normal cells
Describe differentiation
+how is it described ?
how cancer cells look and function compared to normal cells
Described in degrees
Describe what is meant by a cell being well-differentiated
cancer cells look and behave like the normal cells in the tissue they started to grow in.
Describe what is meant by a cell being undifferentiated / poorly differentiated
cancer cells look and behave quite differently from normal cells in the tissue they started to grow in. They look immature or undeveloped and often do not resemble the tissue of origin at all.
Describe benign tumours in terms of differentiation
Well-differentiated
Making it slower growing + less aggressive
Describe the structure of benign and malignant cells
B-resemblance to normal cells (well differentiated )
M-abnormal less similarity to normal cells (anaplastic )
