W11- Lecture 57- Blood 1

Question 1

what are the three functions of the blood

Answer 1

Transports: dissolved gasses, hormones, nutrients, heat & waste (lungs, liver, GI, kidneys, endocrine glands etc)

Regulation: pH- buffers, temperature (absorbing & blood flow) and osmosis (dissolved ions)

Protection: clot, WBC’s, antibodies, interferon’s and other proteins

Question 2

what are the physical properties of blood ?

density 
temp 
colour 
% body mass/ volume 
sampled by

Answer 2

Denser and more viscous than water
38⁰C, slightly alkaline
When saturated with oxygen is bright red, unsaturated is dark red
8% of body mass 4-6 litres depending on gender & size
Blood volume and osmotic pressure is tightly regulated by hormones (aldosterone, ADH, anti natiuretic peptide)
Sampled by venipuncture with a torniquet

Question 3

what is the white blood cell % of each

Answer 3

neutrophils 50-70%
lymphocytes 20-30%
monocytes 2-8
eosinophils 2-4
basophils- less then 1

Question 4

what formed elements would you find in the blood ?

Answer 4

RBC’s
Platelets
WBC’s

Question 5

name the granular and a granular leukocytes

Answer 5

Granular
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Agranular leuckocytes
T & B lymphocytes aka small
Monocytes

Question 6

what is Haematocrit

male v female
what causes this difference

Answer 6

Volume taken up by RBC’s
Females 38-46%
Males 40-54%
Testosterone caused erythropoietin, produces RBC

Question 7

what is Polycythemia

increased risk of
causes

Answer 7

65% or more Increased viscosity increases resistance, heart works harder. Increase blood pressure and stroke risk.

Causes include improper RBC production, tissue hypoxia, dehydration and blood

Question 8

what is Haemopoiesis

where does it occur

Answer 8

= formation of blood cells

Occurs in red bone marrow

Question 9

red bone marrow
where is it found in new borns ?
what happens here

Answer 9

In newborns all marrow is red, is converted to yellow over time
Process can be reversed under trauma
Home of pluripotent stem cells

Question 10

in a bone marrow exam looking to diagnose disorders such as leukaemia what are you looking for ?

Answer 10

Morphology
granularity
Nuclear defects
count

Question 11

Pluripotent stem cells in RBM produce what 2 subtypes of stem cells?

Answer 11

Myeloid stem cells & lymphoid stem cells

Question 12

what do Myeloid stem cells develop into?

where ?

Answer 12

give rise to platelets, RBC, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
in the red bone marrow

Question 13

what do Myeloid stem cells develop into?

where ?

Answer 13

give rise to platelets, RBC, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

Some myeloid stem cells differentiate into progenitor cells, others & the lymphoid stem
cells develop straight into precursor cells

in the red bone marrow

Question 14

what is the difference between Progenitor cells and precursor cells

Answer 14

Progenitor cells cannot reproduce, they are committed to forming their designated cell type (CFU eg CFU-E)

Precursor cells (blasts) over several divisions develop into the actual formed elements of blood

Question 15

what are the Medical uses of Haemopoietic growth factors

Answer 15

Recombinant growth factors
Erythropoietin for kidney disease
Granulocyte CSF for WBC formation after chemotherapy
Thrombopoietin for chemotherapy
Also used for clotting disorders & a range of neonatal disorders

Question 16

Red Blood cells (erythrocytes)

produced per second ?
conc in blood
what % of co2 in body bound

can it transport NO + use

Answer 16

Produce 2 million RBCs per sec

Blood contains 5 million per μl

5-8% of CO2 in the body is bound physically to haemoglobin

Bind & carry NO for vasodilation and thrombotic control

Question 17

how much oxygen does an adult use a min ?

Answer 17

An adult uses 0.25L oxygen per minute

Question 18

describe the oxygen dissociation curve in terms of carbon

+ shifting of curve

Answer 18

In the lungs blood becomes more alkaline due to a loss in carbonic acid, the curve shifts to the left
In the capillaries carbon dioxide diffuses in from the tissue, the curve shifts to the right
Exercise creates acidic conditions due to lactic acid, creates the Bohr effect

Question 19

describe the two confirmations of allosteric interactions

which one would you find in the
lungs
capillaries

Answer 19

2 confirmations;
High-affinity R
Low affinity T

lungs-R
capillaries- T

Question 20

what are Ruptured RBC removed by ?

Answer 20

fixed macrophages

Question 21

RBC life cycle

Answer 21

Macrophage in spleen
Glob in is broken down into constituent AA and used for protein synthesis
Heme – recycling Fe3+ moves to liver transported to where RBC production (into red bone marrow )
can recombine it with globin , vitamin b12 and erythropoietin
Makes RBC
Heme (getting rid of )
Converted into biliverdin(green) then bilirubin(yellow) in pancreas
Bilirubin into liver
Then into small intestine
Converted into urobilinogen in intestine (which can be excreted by kidney(yellow colour) )
Or urobilinogen can be converted into stercobilin which can be excreted (brown colour of poo)

Jaundice due to bilirubin

Question 22

how can a Iron overload damage tissue

treatment

Answer 22

Fe2+ + Fe3+ bind to and damage cells
Plasma doesn’t normally contain free iron
Iron carrying proteins can be overloaded

Therapeutic – treatment lower iron diet and often blood donations

Question 23

what is Erythropoiesis

+ explain

Answer 23

RBC production
RBC production starts in Red Bone Marrow with the precursor cell type pro-erythroblast
They divide several times, producing cells which make haemoglobin
Eventually they differentiate into reticulocytes, which eject their nuclei
They pass into the blood and differentiate into RBC

Question 24

what can happen if Erythropoiesis doesn’t keep up with red cell demand

cause

Answer 24

Can lead to hypoxia

Can be due to anaemia or dietary deficiencies
Can be caused by circulatory problems

Question 25

describe natural and artificial blood doping

Answer 25

Injection of epoetin alfa EPO (used to treat anemia)
Caused 15 deaths in competitive cyclists in the 1980s
Hard to measure/ detect

Kenya for natural blood doping
or blood donation and retaken

Question 26

name the granular / agranular Leukocytes / WBC

Answer 26

granular/ nucleated
neutrophil
eosinophil
basophil

agranular
lymphocyte
monocyte

Question 27

White blood cell functions

Answer 27

Fight infection
Granular leukocytes and monocytes leave the blood and don’t return
Neutrophils & macrophages are important for phagocytosis
Are recruited by chemotaxis
Contain lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, strong oxidants & defensins (antibiotic capabilities)
Eosinophils release histaminase
Basophils release heparin, histamine & serotonin
Lymphocytes are the major players in immunity, they circulate (2% in blood, rest in lymphatic fluid)

Question 28

what do Eosinophils release ?

Answer 28

histaminase

Question 29

what do Basophils release ?(3)

Answer 29

heparin, histamine & serotonin

Question 30

ratio of Lymphocytes in blood/ lymphatic fluis

Answer 30

2/98%

Question 31

what type of cells are mast cells ?

Answer 31

basophils

Question 32

what do these cells attack ?
B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

Answer 32

B cells: bacteria and toxins

T cells: viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells

Natural killer cells: wide variety of microbes and some cancers

Question 33

when are they in high numbers/low numbers?

Neutrophil
Lymphocytes
monocytes
Eosinophills
Basophills

Answer 33

Neutrophil
H-Bacterial infection, stress, burn, inflammation
L-Radiation exposure, SLE

Lymphocytes
H-Viral infection, some leukaemia’s
L-Prolonged illness. Immuno-supression e.g TB

monocytes
H-Viral or fungal infection, TB, some chronic illnesses
L-Bone marrow suppression

Eosinophills
H-Allergic reactions, parasitic infections
L-Drug toxicity, stress

Basophills
H-Allergic reactions, leukaemia’s, cancers
PL-regnancy, ovulation, stress