W3- Lecture 16.1- Neoplasm 1 Flashcards
What is cancer ?
a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue.
Results from the accumulation of many genetic alterations that disrupt the function of many different genes.
Define hyperplasia ?
Increase in umber of cells
What is apoptosis ?
Programmed cell death
What is cancer caused by ?
uncontrolled proliferation of cells
cells undergo mutations along the way leading to a diverse collection of cells with different genetic mutations
as they mutate they become more and more resilient (require fewer growth factors) and survive.
How often is someone diagnosed with cancer ?
+ what fraction of people will develop cancer in their life time
Every 2 mins
1/2 people
What are the 4 most common types of cancer ?
Breast
Lung
Bowel
Prostate
What percentage of cancer cased occur in people aged 60 and over ?
% of cancers in children, teenagers and young adults
75%
(3/4 of people )
1%
Global incidences of cancer (continents)
-global mortality rates
2018
Asia 48.4%- 57.3% Europe 23.4%- 20.3% The Americas 21.0%- 14.4% Africa 5.8%- 7.3% Oceania 1.4%- 0.7%
5 highest incidences of cancer (types)
Vs
Cancer with the most % of deaths
Lung Breast Colorectal Prostate Stomach
Lung Colorectal Stomach Liver Breast
What is the leading cause of death worldwide
Does this change in high income countries ?
Cardiovascular disease
Higher income countries cancer 2x deaths then cardiovascular disease
Name 6(3 major ) initiatives that the NHS/UK has put in place to increase survival rates from cancer
PSA tests
Anti-smoking campaigns
Diet targeting initiatives
Cervical smears
HPV vaccination
Cancer strategy 5 year plan
What is the median age of someone diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic lymphoma?
13
Name 3 causes/cofactors of cancer
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Poor diet (nutritional deficiencies)
+ many many more
There are unmodifiable(intrinsic ) and partially modifiable/modifiable (non-intrinsic) factors
Name 4 modifiable factors
Radiation
Chemical carcinogens
Tumour causing viruses
Bad lifestyles e.g lack of exercise/ nutrient imbalance
What are the top 3 preventable risk factors of cancer
Tobacco
Excess weight/obesity
Diet
Describe the risk factors associated with pancreatic cancer
Genetic- if you have at least 2 first-degree relatives diagnosed with pancreatic almost doubles the risk
Other diseases such as chronic pancreatitis and Crohn’s disease
Obesity- increases risk 12 %
Diabetes - 2x risk
Smoking - 33% of cases attributed to smoking
Age - 60% of diagnosed over 69
Name the major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer
the UVA/UVB (ultraviolet rays ) produced by the Sun
What is a carcinogen ?
any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer
Describe the link between the age a woman has her first child and cancer
Women who have their first full-term pregnancy at an early age have decreased risk of developing breast cancer later in life
E.g birth before age 20 risk of breast cancer 50% then those that have it after 30
Also more children = less risk of breast cancer
5 children vs none = 50% less risk
Describe the link between exposure to radiation(e.gChernobyl) and cancer events in Europe
Risk projections at up to 2006
By 2065
1000 cases of thyroid cancer
4000 cases of other cancers (within Europe )
16000 cases of thyroid cancer
25000 cases of other cancers
Nothing in comparison to other cancers tho
Describe factors that increase the strength of your family history in terms of genetic predisposition of cancer
The closer the family member who had cancer is
The younger they were when receiving the diagnosis
The more relatives who have had the same or related types of cancer
What is genetic predisposition aka genetic susceptibility
an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup
What might cause a genetic predisposition
Specific genetic variations that are often inherited
These genetic changes contribute to the development of a diseases (but do not cause it)
What might mutations in the BRCA1orBRCA2genes cause ?
An increased risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer
