W3- Lecture 16.1- Neoplasm 1

Question 1

What is cancer ?

Answer 1

a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division leading to growth of abnormal tissue.

Results from the accumulation of many genetic alterations that disrupt the function of many different genes.

Question 2

Define hyperplasia ?

Answer 2

Increase in umber of cells

Question 3

What is apoptosis ?

Answer 3

Programmed cell death

Question 4

What is cancer caused by ?

Answer 4

uncontrolled proliferation of cells
cells undergo mutations along the way leading to a diverse collection of cells with different genetic mutations

as they mutate they become more and more resilient (require fewer growth factors) and survive.

Question 5

How often is someone diagnosed with cancer ?

+ what fraction of people will develop cancer in their life time

Answer 5

Every 2 mins

1/2 people

Question 6

What are the 4 most common types of cancer ?

Answer 6

Breast
Lung
Bowel
Prostate

Question 7

What percentage of cancer cased occur in people aged 60 and over ?

% of cancers in children, teenagers and young adults

Answer 7

75%
(3/4 of people )

1%

Question 8

Global incidences of cancer (continents)
-global mortality rates
2018

Answer 8

Asia 48.4%-  57.3%
Europe 23.4%-  20.3%
The Americas 21.0%-  14.4%
Africa 5.8%-  7.3%
Oceania 1.4%-  0.7%

Question 9

5 highest incidences of cancer (types)
Vs
Cancer with the most % of deaths

Answer 9

Lung 
Breast
Colorectal 
Prostate 
Stomach 

Lung
Colorectal 
Stomach 
Liver 
Breast

Question 10

What is the leading cause of death worldwide

Does this change in high income countries ?

Answer 10

Cardiovascular disease

Higher income countries cancer 2x deaths then cardiovascular disease

Question 11

Name 6(3 major ) initiatives that the NHS/UK has put in place to increase survival rates from cancer

Answer 11

PSA tests
Anti-smoking campaigns
Diet targeting initiatives

Cervical smears
HPV vaccination
Cancer strategy 5 year plan

Question 12

What is the median age of someone diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic lymphoma?

Answer 12

13

Question 13

Name 3 causes/cofactors of cancer

Answer 13

Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Poor diet (nutritional deficiencies)

+ many many more

Question 14

There are unmodifiable(intrinsic ) and partially modifiable/modifiable (non-intrinsic) factors
Name 4 modifiable factors

Answer 14

Radiation
Chemical carcinogens
Tumour causing viruses
Bad lifestyles e.g lack of exercise/ nutrient imbalance

Question 15

What are the top 3 preventable risk factors of cancer

Answer 15

Tobacco
Excess weight/obesity
Diet

Question 16

Describe the risk factors associated with pancreatic cancer

Answer 16

Genetic- if you have at least 2 first-degree relatives diagnosed with pancreatic almost doubles the risk

Other diseases such as chronic pancreatitis and Crohn’s disease

Obesity- increases risk 12 %

Diabetes - 2x risk

Smoking - 33% of cases attributed to smoking

Age - 60% of diagnosed over 69

Question 17

Name the major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer

Answer 17

the UVA/UVB (ultraviolet rays ) produced by the Sun

Question 18

What is a carcinogen ?

Answer 18

any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer

Question 19

Describe the link between the age a woman has her first child and cancer

Answer 19

Women who have their first full-term pregnancy at an early age have decreased risk of developing breast cancer later in life
E.g birth before age 20 risk of breast cancer 50% then those that have it after 30

Also more children = less risk of breast cancer
5 children vs none = 50% less risk

Question 20

Describe the link between exposure to radiation(e.gChernobyl) and cancer events in Europe
Risk projections at up to 2006

By 2065

Answer 20

1000 cases of thyroid cancer
4000 cases of other cancers (within Europe )

16000 cases of thyroid cancer
25000 cases of other cancers
Nothing in comparison to other cancers tho

Question 21

Describe factors that increase the strength of your family history in terms of genetic predisposition of cancer

Answer 21

The closer the family member who had cancer is
The younger they were when receiving the diagnosis
The more relatives who have had the same or related types of cancer

Question 22

What is genetic predisposition aka genetic susceptibility

Answer 22

an increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on a person’s genetic makeup

Question 23

What might cause a genetic predisposition

Answer 23

Specific genetic variations that are often inherited

These genetic changes contribute to the development of a diseases (but do not cause it)

Question 24

What might mutations in the BRCA1orBRCA2genes cause ?

Answer 24

An increased risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer

Question 25

What might mutations in the BARD1andBRIP1 cause ?

Answer 25

Increased breast cancer risk