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IMS > W7- Lecture 30- Non-specific Immunity > Flashcards

W7- Lecture 30- Non-specific Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the key feature innate immune systems

A 
First line of defence 
Quick 
Same for all pathogens 
Born with it 
Found In almost all animals
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2
Q

Describe the key features of the adaptive / specific immune response

A 
Specific for antigen 
Not very fast (first time )
Greater speed and magnitude (second time
Because of memory )
Acquired by expertise
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3
Q

What prevents most infections

A

Physical barriers to the body

Skin , cilia , stomach acid , enzymes , body is very good at this

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4
Q

Look at haematopoesis

A

Manufacturing of blood cells

-look at flow graph

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5
Q

Describe the key features of immune cells

A

Capable of self renewal
Multipotent - can generate multiple lineages
Produced in bone marrow

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6
Q

Name three nonspecific defences

once a pathogen has got past the physical barriers

A

Non-specific defences

1) Antimicrobial proteins
2) Natural killer cells and phagocytes
3) Inflammation

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7
Q

Name three types of antimicrobial proteins

A

Interferons (IFNs)

Compliment

Transferrin’s

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8
Q

Describe transferrin’s action on microbes

A

iron binding proteins that inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing available iron.

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9
Q

Describe the action of interferons on microbes

  • produced by
  • how the act as an antimicrobial
  • types
A

produced by lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts that have been infected by viruses.
Trigger cellular pathways making neighbouring cells more resistant to viral infection (producing antiviral proteins)
These interfere with viral replication

Three types alpha beta and gamma interferons

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10
Q

Describe the action of compliment antimicrobial proteins

- where found

A

Normally found inactive in blood plasma + on plasma membranes (where it forms compliment system)

When activated = enhanced inflammatory response

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11
Q

Naturally killer cells are a specialised type of

A

granular lymphocytes

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12
Q

Describe the action of natural killer cells

  • protect against
  • how are they triggered
  • how they neutralise pathogens
A

Defence against tumours + viruses
Recognise the effects on the cell not the pathogens itself (lack of host protein or presence of host protein)

Natural killers attack abnormal cell membrane proteins called histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens

Release perforins/bind + damage cells dircxtly

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13
Q

Name three types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophil
Dendrite cell
Macrophage

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14
Q

Describe dendritic cells in immune response

A 
Found throughout the body 
Phagocytosis 
Motile
Link between innate and adaptive immune responders 
Antigen presenting cells
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15
Q

Describe macrophages

A

Found in most, if not all tissues
Highly phagocytic and antimicrobialDirects both innate and adaptive through secretion of cytokines and antigen presentationImportant for non-inflammatory clearance of apoptotic cells

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16
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

Short-lived found normally in bloodMigrates during inflammationHighly phagocytic granulocyteProduces vast repertoire of antimicrobial factors

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17
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A 
Moves towards microbes 
Attaches to microbes 
Microbes indulged 
Fuses with a lysosome 
Lysozymes breakdown microbe 
Excreted at cell surface 
Cn be antigen presenting
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18
Q

Describe how inflammation acts to fight a pathogen infection

+ three phases

A

Increased blood flow
Traps pathogen
Aids inflow of immune cells

3 major phases
Vasodilation
Increased permeability of blood vessels
Phagocyte migration

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19
Q

Name three components that mediate the inflammatory response

A

Histamine
Kinins
Prostaglandins

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20
Q

Histamine + inflammation

  • released by
  • action
A

released by mast cells in connective tissue, and by basophils and platelets in response to injury.

Histamine attracts neutrophils and macrophages
induces vasodilatation and an increased permeability of blood vessels.

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21
Q

Kinins + inflammation

  • formed from
  • causes
A

Formed from inactive precursor molecules called the kininogens,

Causes vasodilation, increased permeability to blood and promotes chemotaxis by phagocytes.

22
Q

Prostaglandins + inflammation

  • Released by
  • effect
A

Lipids
Released by damaged cells

intensify the effects of histamine and the kinins, and also the migration of phagocytes through capillary walls

23
Q

Leukotrienes and inflammation
Released by
Action

A

LTs are released by basophils and mast cells .

Acts to guide phagocytes
increase permeability of blood vessels
and also function in the adherence of phagocytes to pathogen

24
Q

Complement + inflammation
What is it ?
Action

A

Array of diff companants
Realest histamine
Attraction of neutaphils

promotion of phagocytosis
+ direct destruction of bacteria (membrane attack complex )

25
Q

What happens when a tissue Injury happens

A

Damage to cells / basophils/ platelets
These cells secrete cytokines
Cytokines promote vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessel + clotting cascade
Migration of phagocytes cells (neutrophils then macrophages ) via diapedesis
Formation of puss on macrophage death

26
Q

What happens if puss doesn’t disperse /drain ( patient has poor circulation )

A

abscess or inflamed spot

if the superficial inflamed tissue sloughs away leaving an open running sore, an ulcer.
Ulceration can take place aka static ulcers

27
Q

Fever + infection
Why-
Causes

A

the release of cytokines and interleukin-1 by bacterial toxins hypothalamic thermoregulatory set point being elevated

Increased temperature can enhance the activity of interferons and increase the activity of macrophages, whilst also inhibiting the replication of bacterial cells.

increase biochemical reactions and an increase in the activity of enzymes associated with repair

28
Q

Macrophage homeostasis
Where found ?
Role

A

Macrophages found everywhere

homeostasis e.g red blood cells
tissue remodelling
Macrophages ingest and process foreign material, dead cells and debris
Expected receptors on surface

29
Q

Name 3 types of receptors macrophages present on their cell surface (That aren’t presented in heathy cells )

+ 4 surface molecules commonly used in reaserch

A

Scavenger receptors for recognition of apoptotic and necrotic cells, opsonised pathogens, cell debris
Toll-like receptors for recognition of pathogens
Pattern recognition receptors which detect which detect “non-self” or damage

F4/80 (mouse)
CD 11b and CD18 (MAC-1)
CD68
Fc ᵧ receptors

30
Q

Name the 4 major subsets of macrophages

+uses

A

Classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages):
Defend against bacteria, protozoa, viruses;
Anti-tumour activity.

Alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages):
Anti-inflammatory action;
Regulate wound healing.

Regulatory macrophages:
Secrete large amounts of IL-10.

Myeloid derived suppressor cells / tumor associated macrophages (TAMs):
Suppress anti-tumor immunity.

31
Q 
Which of the following cell types does not develop from the common myeloid progenitor ?
Natural killer cell 
Basophils 
Monocyte 
Erythrocytes
A

Natural killer

32
Q

Monocytes move from the systemic circulatory system into general connective tissues, where they differentiate into what cell type?

Neutrophil
T-cell
B-cell
Macrophage

A

Macrophages

33
Q

Which of the following cell types or systems is not part of an innate immune response to a pathogen?

Natural killer Cells
Cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
Phagocytes
The inflammatory response

A

Cytotoxic t-lymphocytes

34
Q

Name three function of the lymphatic systems

A

Draining excess interstitial fluid (Extracellular fluid) from the tissue spaces;
Transporting dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins around the body;
Defence against disease or Immunity.

35
Q

How are lymph’s formed ?

A

from blood plasma that filters from the blood capillaries into the interstitial space.

Excess interstitial fluid passes through the endothelium of the lymphatic vessels and enters the lymphatic capillaries.
This fluid resembles blood plasma, but lacks the larger plasma proteins.

36
Q

What rate primary lymphatic organs ?

+ function

A

Red bone marrow and thymus glad

provide an environment in which mature white blood cells called the B and T lymphocytes can develop and mature

37
Q

What are The secondary lymphatic organs and tissues ?

+ functions

A

Lymph nodes, the spleen and lymphatic nodules

most of the immune response occurs.

38
Q

Describe what cells can differentiate from the common lymphoid progenitor
And further ?

A

B cell - plasma cell
T cell- activated T cell
Natural killer cell - activated in celll
Immature-mature dendritic cell

39
Q

Name what cells can differentiate from the common myeloid progenitor

A

Dendritic cells
Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor -(neutrophil Eosinophil basophil monocyte)-(mast cells ,macrophage )
Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor -(megakaryocyte )- platelets

40
Q

Name what cells can differentiate from the Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor
Any further ?

A 
neutrophil 
Eosinophil
basophil
Precursor to mast cell - mast cells 
monocyte- macrophage
41
Q

Name what cells can differentiate from the Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor

Any further ?

A

megakaryocyte- platelets

42
Q

Name what cells can differentiate from the erythroblasts

Further ?

A

Erythrocytes

43
Q

Where can you find mast cells and macrophages ?

A

In tissues

44
Q

Where can you find
Common progenitors
Megakaryocytes and erythroblasts

A

In the bone marrow

45
Q 
Where can you find 
B cells  
T cells 
Nk cells 
Neutrophils 
Eosinophil
basophil
Precursor to mast cell -
Monocytes 
Platelets and erythrocytes
A

In the blood

46
Q

Where would you find erythrocytes ?

A

In the blood

47
Q

Where would you find erythroblasts?

A

In the bone marrow

48
Q

Where would you find mega karyocytes ?

A

In the bone marrow

49
Q

What immune cells would you find in the cells of medulla within the lymph note ?

A

B cells
Plasma cells
Macrophages

50
Q

What immune cells would you find in. The cells of the inner cortex of the lymph node

A

T cells

Dendritic cells

51
Q

What immune cells would you find in the outer cortex of the lymph node
(cells around the germinal centre + in terminal centre )

A

Around - B cells

In - B cells , dendritic cells, macrophages

IMS (74 decks)

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