W8- Lecture 44- Epithelial defects and disease Flashcards
what are pathologists ?
Physicians - study of disease processes – diagnosis rather than treatment
describe Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- incidences compared to other skin cancers
- characterised by
Second most common form of skin cancer.
Characterised by abnormal, accelerates growth of squamous cells.
what is the Response to Injury (Disease)
4 phases
Within the first few hours of injury, this is referred to as the haemostasis phase, where there is coagulation and a fibrin clot formation
Following is this is the inflammatory phase- where the is wound sterilisation, removal of dead cells and activation of tissue resident lymphocytes. Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages are recruited from circulation to aid in the immunological response
The proliferative phase- re epithelialization, vascularisation (growth of vascular) , myofibroblast activation and wound contraction ( healing of the wound) and further lymphocyte recruitment
Remodelling phase- collagen deposition and cross linking/ remodelling of the connective tissue which can often result in a scar
how does skin/ epithelial tissue change with age ?
speed/effectiveness of tissue repair decreases
Structure & chemical composition many tissues effected e.g. epithelia get thinner
Cancer rates increase with age
Older people would need to spend longer in the sun to get the same level of vitamin D
what are the the most common cancers among women (USA)3
Breast cancer
First among women of all races and Hispanic origin populations.
Lung cancer
Second among white, black, and American Indian/Alaska Native women.
Third among Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic women.
Colorectal cancer
Second among Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic women.
Third among white, black, and American Indian/Alaska Native women.
what are the Leading Causes of Cancer Death Among Women(USA)
3
Lung cancer
First among white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women.
Second among Hispanic women.
Breast cancer
First among Hispanic women.
Second among white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women.
Colorectal cancer
Third among women of all races and Hispanic origin populations.
Most Common Cancers Among Men (USA)3
Prostate cancer
First among men of all races and Hispanic origin populations.
Lung cancer
Second among white, black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander men; third among Hispanic men.
Colorectal cancer
Second among Hispanic men; third among white, black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander men.
Leading Causes of Cancer Death Among Men
4
Lung cancer
First among men of all races and Hispanic origin populations.
Prostate cancer
Second among white, black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic men; fourth among Asian/Pacific Islander men.
Colorectal cancer
Third among men of all races and Hispanic origin populations.
Liver cancer
Second among Asian/Pacific Islander men.
what is Dysplasia ?
cause
how to the cells change
what it may lead to
Broad term that refers to the abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs
Most frequently arises in epithelial tissues subjected to chronic irritation
Cells exhibit high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
Increase number of cell mitosis (where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells – cell division)
May show loss of normal architecture
Remove irritant or surgery
Leads to neoplasm - malignancy
which cells do these conditions cause neoplasia/ increase the chance of happening sun exposed skin long standing chronic colitis long standing chronic gastritis smoking
Epidermis – sun exposed skin
Colonic mucosa – long standing chronic colitis
Gastric mucosa – long standing chronic gastritis
Respiratory epithelium - smoking
describe the differentiation of benign and different types of malignant cells
Benign – differentiation closely resembles cells of origin
Malignant – variable degrees of differentiation
Well-differentiated malignant neoplasm
closely resemble tissue of origin
Poorly differentiated malignant neoplasm
only passing resemble to tissue of origin
Anaplastic malignant neoplasm
no resemblance to tissue of origin
what is Metaplasia?
The transformation of one differentiated cell type to another differentiated cell type
Tissue adapts to environmental stimuli by change in cell differentiation
Differentiate into a new, mature, stable type of cell better equipped to withstand particular environmental stress
describe the Histological changes in response to Cigarette Smoke
Dysplasia (reversible)
Change in normal shape, size & organisation of tissue cells
Cilia change and drying & chemical effects of smoke paralyse cilia –mucous builds –”smokers cough”
Metaplasia (reversible)
Structural change – alters character of tissue
Epithelial cells lose cilia altogether
Also eliminates moisturising & cleaning properties
Anaplasia (irreversible)
Tissue organisation breaks down
Cells change size & shape and become unusually large or small
Tumour cell – LUNG CANCER
what is Atherosclerosis?
% deaths in the west
risk factors
treatment
Thickening & inelasticity of artery walls
Pathogenesis of atheroma – damage to endothelium – allows low density lipoproteins (LDLs) into the intima –”fatty streak”
Endothelium – fragile – ulcerate –platelet aggregation & thrombosis
approx 50%
Risk factors – age, sex, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking
treatment Catheter inserted into the artery
Balloon inflated which will open a stent which will push the plaque to the side
Stent is left sometimes but sometimes just the balloon
what is Non-specific dermatitis ? aka eczema
cause ?
Skin- red, itchy, tender – tiny blisters – vesicles form in epidermis
Vesicles erupt - clear, yellow fluid, crusts over
Vesicles due to fluid accumulation between epidermal cells
