Vocab Chap 5 Flashcards
Activation energy
Minimum collision energy needed for a reaction to occur
Alcohol fermentation is anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic= alcohol fermentation
Alcohol fermentation begins with
Glycolysis
What does alcohol fermentation do?
Produces ethyl alcohol to reoxidize NADH
Allosteric inhibition
For non competitive inhibitors; something binds to the allosteric side and changes enzyme activity.
Allosteric site
Place where non-competitive inhibitor binds; not the active site
Amination
Adding an amino group
Amphibolic pathway
Is anabolic and catabolic
Refers to all synthesis reactions in a living organism
Anabolism
Building complex organic molecules from simple ones
Anabolism
Anoxygenic
Does not make molecular oxygen,
Cyclic photphosphorylation is typically anoxygenic meaning
Light is used to convert CO2 to organic compounds without making O2
Cyclic photphosphorylation is typically anoxygenic meaning
Light is used to convert CO2 to organic compounds without making O2
Apoenzyme
Protein portion of an enzyme which needs to be activated by a coenzyme
Catabolism
All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction but isn’t changed permanently
Chemiosmosis
Uses proton gradient across a cytoplasmic membrane to make ATP
Chemiosmosis
Uses proton gradient across a cytoplasmic membrane to make ATP
Chemoheterotroph
Organism that uses organic molecules as source of carbon and energy
Chemotroph
Organism that uses Redox reactions as it’s main energy source
Coenzyme
Nonprotein substance that activates an enzyme
coenzyme A
Coenzyme that functions in decarboxylation
Cofactor
Non protein component of an enzyme that might enhance or cause disease.
Collision theory
Chemical reactions happen because energy is gained as particles collide
Cyclic photphosphorylation
Electron moves from chlorophyll through electron acceptors and back to chlorophyll
Cyclic photphosphorylation is oxygenic or anoxygenic?
Anoxygenic
Purple and green bacterial phosphorylation
Cyclic photphosphorylation
Cytochrome
Protein that functions as electron carrier in cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Catalyst
Substance that increases the rate of reaction but is not altered itself
Dehydrogenation
Loss of hydrogen atoms from a substrate
Denaturation
Change in molecular structure of a protein, making it non-functional
Desulfurization
Removal of sulfur from an organic compound
Electron transport chain
Compounds that transfer electrons from one to another, making ATP by oxidative phosphorylation
Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Alternative pathway for the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
Temporary Union of an enzyme and it’s substrate
Enzyme-substrate complex
Feedback inhibition
Inhibition of an enzyme in a particular pathway by the accumulation of the end product of the pathway
Also called end product inhibition
Feedback inhibition
Fermentation test
Used to determine whether a bacterium or yeast ferments a carbohydrate.
Usual components of a fermentation test
Peptone broth with:
1. Carbohydrate
2. pH indicator
3. Inverted tube to trap gas
Flavoprotein
Protein containing the coenzyme flavin
Flavoprotein functions as an electron carrier in the
electron transport chain
FMN
Coenzyme that functions in the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain
FMN stands for
Flavin mononucleotide
Glycolysis
Main pathway for the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid
Also called Embden-Myerhof pathway
Glycolysis
Heterotroph
Requires an organic carbon source; also called organotroph
Holoenzyme
Enzyme made of apoenzyme+ cofactor
Lactic acid fermentation anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
Lactic acid fermentation begins with
Glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation produces
Lactic acid to reoxidize NADH
Metabolic pathway
Sequence of enzymatically catalyzed reactions occuring in a cell
Oxidation
Removal of electrons from a molecule
Oxidative phosphorylation
Synthesis of ATP coupled with electron transport
Oxygenic
Makes oxygen; cyanobacteria and plant photosynthesis
Also called organotroph
Heterotroph
Requires an organic carbon source
Heterotroph
Parasite
Derives nutrients from a living host
Which pathway occurs simultaneously with glycolysis?
Pentose phosphate pathway
Function of pentose phosphate pathway
Makes pentoses and NADH without ATP production
Also called hexose monophosphate shunt
Pentose phosphate pathway
Phosphorylation
Addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule
Photoheterotroph
Uses light as its energy source and an organic carbon source
Photophosphorylation
Production of ATP in a series of Redox reactions
How does photophosphorylation start?
Electrons from chlorophyll initiate the reactions
Phototroph
An organism that uses light as its primary energy source
Reduction
Addition of electrons to a molecule
Respiration
A series of Redox reactions that generates ATP; final electron acceptor is usually an inorganic molecule
Ribozyme
Enzyme consisting of RNA that specifically acts on strands of RNA to remove introns and splice together remaining exons
Saprophyte
Organism that gets it’s nutrients from dead organic matter
Saprophyte
Organism gets it’s nutrients from dead organic matter
Saturation
Active site on an enzyme is occupied by substrate or product at all times
Fatty acid with no double bonds
Saturated fatty acid
Substrate
Any compound with which an enzyme reacts
Substrate level phosphorylation
Making ATP by direct transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from an intermediate metabolic compound to ADP
Transamination
Transfer of an amino group from an amino acid to another organic acid
Turnover number
Num. of substrate molecules acted on per enzyme molecule per second
Ubiquinone
Non-protein carrier in an electron transport chain; also called coenzyme Q
A low-molecular mass
Ubiquinone
