Chap 12 Flashcards
(293 cards)
1
Q
Mycology
A
Study of fungi
2
Q
Chemoheterotrophs function
A
Decompose organic matter
3
Q
Arthropods
A
animals with jointed legs, ticks, insects, mosquitoes
4
Q
Helminths
A
multicellular animals; chemoheterotrophs
5
Q
Helmiths get nutrients by
A
ingestion through mouth or by absorbing food.
6
Q
Often have elaborate life cycles
A
parasitic helminths, egg, larvae adult
7
Q
Fungi get food by __________. They are chemoheterotrophs
A
absorption
8
Q
Fungi are multicellular with the exception of
A
yeasts
9
Q
Fungi reproduce with
A
sexual and asexual spores
10
Q
Algae belong to several
A
super clades
11
Q
Algae are photoautotrophs, meaning,
A
they produce several different photosynthetic pigments
12
Q
Algae obtain nutrients by
A
diffusion
13
Q
Some are multicellular forming colonies, filaments of even tissues. A few produce toxins
A
Algae
14
Q
Most protozoa are chemoheterotrophic, meaning
A
Most get nutrients by absorption or ingestion
15
Q
Chemoheterotroph
A
organism that obtains its energy from chemical compounds (chemo) and its carbon source from organic compounds (heterotroph)
16
Q
some protozoa are photoautotrophic
A
make organic material for energy
17
Q
Protozoa are unicellular or multicellular?
A
unicellular
18
Q
often form resistant cysts
A
protozoa
19
Q
mycorrrhizae
A
A fungus growing in symbiosis with plant roots
20
Q
Fungi are identified on the basis of
A
1.physical appearance:
2.colony characteristsics, 3.reproductive spores
21
Q
vegetative
A
referring to cells involved with obtaining nutrients as opposed to reproduction.
22
Q
Fungi anaerobe or aerobe?
A
can be both:
1. Aerobic
2. Facultative anaerobic
23
Q
Facultative anaerobe
A
Can adapt metabolism to live in oxygen rich and oxygen poor environments
24
Q
Cell type of fungi vs bacteria
A
fungi: eukaryotic
Bacteria: prokaryotic
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Cell membrane of fungi vs bacteria
fungi: has sterols
bacteria: only mycoplasma have sterols
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Cell wall of fungi vs bacteria
fungi: Glucans, mannans, chitin (no peptidoglycan)
Bacteria: peptidoglycan
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Spores of fungi vs bacteria
Fungi: Sexual and asexual reproductive spores
Bacteria: Endospores(not for reproduction); some asexual reproductive spores
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Metabolism fungi
Fungi: Limited to heterotrophic; aerobic, facultatively anaerobic
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Metabolism of bacteria
Heterotrophic, autotrophic, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, anaerobic
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In molds and fleshy fungi, the thallus is
the body
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The thallus is made of
hyphae: long filaments of cells joined together
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hyphae
long filaments of cells joined together
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mycelium
mass of hyphae
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Septate hyphae
cross walls of hyphae that divide them into cell-like units
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Coenocytic hyphae
fungal filament not divided into uninucleate cell-like units because it lacks septa
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Vegetative hyphae
Portion of hypha that obtains nutrients
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Aerial hyphae
involved with reproduction; bear reproductive spores
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hyphae can grow by
elongating at the tips, each new fragment is capable of growth. Fungi are usually grown from fragments of a fungal thallus
39
How do fungal colonies differ from bacterial colonies?
fungal colonies spread more widely and appear less defined compared to bacterial colonies
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Yeasts
nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi
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frequently found as a white powdery coating on fruits and leaves
yeasts
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Budding yeast
DIVIDES UNEVENLY
following mitosis, a yeast cell that divides unevenly to produce a small cell (bud) from the parent cell
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Saccharomyces
type of budding yeast that divides unevenly
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Fission yeasts
divide evenly
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Dimorphic fungi
Yeastlike at 37 -C and moldlike at 25 -C
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pseudohypha
short chain of fungal cells where daughter cells don't separate after budding
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One ______ cell can in time produce up to 24 daughter cells by budding.
yeast
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How does a bud differ from a spore?
a bud is a visible, localized growth on the parent, while a spore is a tiny, dispersed unit that can travel further to establish a new organism
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Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually via the formation of spores that
detach from the parent and germinate into a new mold
50
Asexual spores
Produced via
mitosis and cell division; formed by the hyphae of one organism
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Conidiospore is not enclosed in
not enclosed in a sac
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Arthroconidia
fragmentation of septate hyphae
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Blastoconidia
buds of the parent cell
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Chlamydoconidium
spore within a hyphal segment
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Sporangiospore
enclosed in a sac
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Sexual spores
Fusion of
nuclei from two opposite mating strains
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Three phases of sexual reproduction
1. Plasmogany
2. Karyogamy
3. Meiosis
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Plasmogamy:
fusion of cytoplasm of two cells; occurs in sexual stage of fungal life cycle
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haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-)
plasmogamy
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Karyogamy
(+) & (-) nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote
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Meiosis:
diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)
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generally adapted to environments that would be hostile to bacteria.
fungi
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ideal pH to grow fungi
5
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Fungi are resistant to osmotic pressure; meaning
Fungi grows well in high sugar and salt concentration
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Fungi can grow on substances with a very low _________ content
moisture
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Fungi require somewhat less ________ than bacteria for an equivalent amount of growth.
nitrogen
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Fungi are often capable of metabolizing _________ _______________, such as lignin (a component of wood), that most bacteria can’t use for nutrients.
complex carbohydrates
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Assume you isolated a single-celled organism that has a cell wall. How would you determine that it is a fungus and not a bacterium?
The cell wall of a fungus : glucans, mannans, chitin, fungus will have sterols in its cell membrane
bacterium cell wall: will not have sterols in its cell membrane. If its gram-positive, itll have a peptidoglycan cell wall
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Contrast the mechanism of sexual and asexual spore formation
two distinct parent cells (gametes) fuse together through a process called plasmogamy, leading to the formation of a diploid zygote which then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid sexual spores; whereas, asexual spore formation occurs through mitosis
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Medically Important Fungi
Zygomycota
Microsporidia
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
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What kind of fungi is Zygomycota?
Conjugation fungi
with coenocytic hyphae
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Conjugation fungi
Reproduce sexually through conjugation
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Coenocytic hyphae
nonseptate, meaning they are a long cell without compartments
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How are zygomycota produced asexually?
sporangiospore
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How are zygomycota produced sexually?
zygospore
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Zygospore
made when the nuclei of two similar cells fuse
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Microsporidia
unusual eukaryotes because they lack mitochondria
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Why were microsporidians reclassified as as protists and not fungi?
They lack mitochondria
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Why were microsporidians classified as fungi?
genome sequencing says they are fungi
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Sexual reproduction of microsporidia
Hasn't been observed, but probably takes place in the host
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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning
cannot reproduce outside of their host cell
82
Ascomycota means
means sac fungi
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Ascomycota includes
molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts.
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Ascomycota asexual spores are usually produced how?
conidia produced, in long chains from conidiophore
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conidia means
dust, spores freely detach from the chain at the slightest disturbance and float in the air like dust.
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ascospore
sexual fungal spore made in an ascus, made by the ascomycetes
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ascus
saclike structure containing ascospores; found in the ascomycetes.
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Ascomycota are a type of Teleomorphic fungi, meaning
produce sexual and asexual spores
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Some ascomycota are anamorphic, meaning
They lose the ability to sexually reproduce
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Spores produced asexually by Ascomycota
conidiospore
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spores produced sexually by ascomycota
ascospore
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Nuclei morphologically similar or dissimilar fuse in a saclike _____
ascus
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Basidiomycota
club fungi; phylum includes fungi that produce mushrooms
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club fungi, also possess septate hyphae
Basidiomycota
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Basidiospore
sexual fungal spore made in a basidium
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Basidium
pedestal that makes basidiospores; found in basidiomycetes
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How do Basidiomycota reproduce asexually?
conidiospores
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On what basis are fungi classified into phyla?
1.life cycles
2.mode of reproduction
3. cell wall and
4.septum structure
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teleomorphs
sexual stage in a lifecycle of a fungus; fungus that produces sexual and asexual spores.
100
Mycosis
fungal infection
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Systemic mycoses
deep within the body
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Subcutaneous mycoses
beneath the skin
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Cutaneous mycoses
affect hair, skin, and nails
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Superficial mycoses
localized (e.g., hair shafts) Fungi grows along hair shaft and on superficial epidermal cells. Prevalent in tropical climates
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Opportunistic mycoses
fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host
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Are yeasts beneficial or harmful?
Beneficial:
-make bread, beer,
Harmful: can cause thrush and other infections
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
bread, wine, hepatitis B vaccine
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Trichoderma
Makes cellulase; used to remove plant cell walls to produce a clear fruit juice
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fungus Taxomyces
anticancer drug taxol, also found in yew trees
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Entomophaga
killed gypsy moths. Used to kill pests. Biocontrol
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Coniothyrium minitans
kills fungi on crops. feeds on fungi that destroy soybeans and other bean crops.
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Paecilomyces
kills termites
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attaches to human epithelial cells as a yeast but usually requires pseudohyphae to invade deeper tissues
Candida albicans
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Lichen
combination of green alga (or cyanobacterium) and a fungus
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Lichens are placed in the kingdom
Fungi
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Lichens are classified according to
the fungal partner, most often an ascomycete
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Lichens exist in mutualistic relationships, meaning
each partner benefits
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The ______ is very different from either the alga or fungus growing alone
lichen; if the partners are separated, the lichen no longer exists
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Mutualistic combination of a green alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus
lichen
120
Crustose lichen
grow flush or encrusted onto the substratum
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substratum
underlying layer, base or substance
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foliose lichen
more leaflike
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fruticose lichens
have fingerlike projections
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The lichen’s thallus, or body, forms when
hyphae grow around algal cells to become the medulla
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medulla
lichen body made of algae (or cyanobacteria) and fungi. Hyphae grown around algal cells
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Fungal hyphae project below the lichen body to form _________
rhizines
127
rhizine
rootlike hypha that anchors a fungus to a surface
128
cortex
protective covering of a lichen
129
What does the alga in a lichen do?
Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates;
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Economic importance of lichens
Dyes
Antimicrobial (Usnea)
Litmus
Food for herbivores
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Usnea
this lichen makes Usnic acid
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What is the role of lichens in nature?
secrete organic acids that chemically weather rock, and they accumulate nutrients needed for plant growth
major food for tundra herbivores such as caribou and reindeer.
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can inhabit areas in which neither fungi nor algae could survive alone
lichen
134
What is the role of a fungus in a lichen?
fungus provides holdfast. gives the lichen the majority of its characteristics, from its thallus shape to its fruiting bodies. Protects the algae
135
Algae
A photosynthetic eukaryote; photoautotrophs that lack the roots and stems of plants.
136
is not a taxonomic group;
Algae
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Why are algae no longer considered plants?
they lack the embryos of true plants.
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Algae are currently grouped into
super clades
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Characteristics of algae
Unicellular or filamentous photoautotrophs
Lack roots, stems, and leaves
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Why is algae mostly aquatic?
Water is necessary for growth and reproduction
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locations of algae depend on
nutrient availability, wavelengths of light, and surfaces to attach
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body of multicellular algae
Thallus
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Thallus of algae made of
holdfasts, stipes, and blades
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holdfast
branched base of an algal stipe
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Stipe
A stemlike supporting structure of multicellular algae and basidiomycetes.
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blade
A flat leaflike structure of multicellular algae.
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How do all algae reproduce?
Asexually
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Multicellular algae can fragment or reproduce sexually via
alternation of generations. Asexual reproduction occurs for several generations, and then same species reproduces sexually
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Brown algae (kelp)
cell walls contain
Cellulose and alginic acid
150
Composition of brown algae (kelp)
Multicellular and macroscopic
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Produce algin-thickener used in foods
Brown algae (kelp)
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algin
thickener used in many foods (such as ice cream and cake decorations), is extracted from brown algae cell walls.
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Red algae thalli
branched
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Composition of red algae
multicellular
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Harvested for agar and carrageenan
red algae
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Some of this kind of algae can produce a lethal toxin
Red algae
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Green algae cell walls
Cellulose cell walls
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Green algae composition
can be unicellular or multicellular
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pigments in green algae
Chlorophyll a and b
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Diatoms
type of green alage that causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), which occurs when people eat shellfish contaminated with the toxin domoic acid
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Gave rise to terrestrial plants
green algae
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Algae that can store starch
green algae
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Diatoms cell walls
Pectin and silica cell walls
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Diatoms structure
Unicellular or filamentous
165
Diatoms store
oil
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Produce domoic acid-cause neurological disease
Diatoms
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Dinoflagellates plasma membrane
Cellulose in plasma membrane
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Dinoflagellates structure
unicellular
169
Neurotoxins (saxitoxins) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning
Dinoflagellates
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Dinoflagellates
unicellular algae collectively called plankton, or free floating organisms
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Oomycota
(water molds)
Decomposers
plant parasites
172
form the cottony masses on dead algae and animals,
oomycota
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oomycota cell walls
Cellulose cell walls
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How do oomycota feed themselves?
chemoheterotrophic
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What do oomycota produce
zoospores
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Phytophthora infestans
oomycota responsible for irish potato blight
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P. cinnamoni infects
Eucalyptus
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P. ramorum causes
sudden oak death
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zoospore
Asexual algal spore; has two flagella
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Important roles of algae in nature
-Fix CO2 into organic molecules
-Produce 80% of earth's oxygen
-oil production
-symbionts of animals
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Algal blooms
increases in planktonic algae that can result in toxin release or die and consume oxygen
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Structure of protozoa
unicellular eukaryotes
183
Protozoa inhabit
water and soil
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protozoa means
first animals
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Why are protozoa called first animals?
because of their animal-like nutrition
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has complex life cycle
protozoa
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trophozoite
Feeding and growing form of protozoa
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sexual reproduction of protozoa is by
conjugation
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schizogony
multiple fission; one organism divides to produce many daughter cells
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How do protozoa reproduce asexually?
fission, budding, or schizogony (multiple fission)
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Conjugation
Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another involving cell to cell contact
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How do protozoa survive adverse conditions?
form a cyst
191
Protozoa require a large supply of
water
192
Why does protozoa need specialized structures to intake food?
protozoa has outer protective pellicle
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how do ciliates feed themselves?
Ciliates wave cilia toward mouthlike cytosome
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cytosome
cell body excluding the nucleus
195
how do Amebae eat?
phagocitize food
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How do protozoa digest and get rid of wastes?
Food is digested in vacuoles and wastes eliminated through an anal pore
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Medically Important Protozoa
1. Feeding grooves (Excavata)
2. Amebae
3. Apicomplexa
4. Ciliates
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Excavata
1. Single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove
2. spindle-shaped and possess flagella
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Types of excavata
Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoa
200
Diplomonads
No mitochondria; multiple flagella
201
Giardia intestinalis
a diplomonad that causes a very common diarrheal disease in humans
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Parabasalids
Undulating membrane; no cyst stage
203
Euglenozoa feed themselves by
Photoautotrophs or facultative chemotrophs
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Hemoflagellates are a type of
Euglenozoa
205
Hemoflagellates are transmitted by
bites of blood-feeding insects
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Amebae move by
extending pseudopods
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Entamoeba histolytica causes
amebic dysentery
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Acanthamoeba
infects corneas and causes blindness
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Balamuthia
amoeba that causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis
cause of brain abscesses
most often affects immunocompromised people
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Apicomplexa
not motile in their mature forms and are obligate intracellular parasites
- complex life cycles
211
Toxoplasma gondii
transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections
212
Cryptosporidium
transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness
213
Plasmodium
causes malaria
214
Plasmodium sexually reproduces in
Anopheles mosquito
215
sporozoite
trophozoite of Plasmodium found in mosquitoes, infective for humans.
216
trophozoite
vegetative life form of a protozoan; growing life stage of a parasite
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What happens when a mosquito injects a sporozoite into its bite
sporozoite undergoes schizogony in the liver; merozoites are produced
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merozoites
trophozoite of plasmodium found in RBCs or liver cells
219
Merozoites infect RBCs and
form a ring stage inside the cell
220
ring stage
young Plasmodium trophozoite that looks like a ring in a red blood cell.
221
how do merozoites infect new RBCs?
RBCs rupture and infect new RBCs
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Cilates
move by cilia arranged in precise rows
223
Balantidium coli (ciliate)
only human parasite; causes dysentery
224
intermediate host
organsims that harbors larval or asexual stage of a helminth or protozoan
225
Definitive host
organism that harbors the adult, sexually mature parasite
226
Slime molds
closely related to amebae
227
Taxa of slime molds
cellular and plasmodia
228
How do slime molds eat?
Ingest fungi and bacteria by phagocytosis
229
Cellular slime molds
typical eukaryotic cells that resemble amebae.
230
What do slime molds so when conditions are unfavorable
large numbers of ameboid cells aggregate to form a single structure.
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How do slime molds reproduce?
Cells aggregate to form stalks and spore caps that differentiate into spores
helps them get away from unfavorable conditions
232
Plasmodial slime molds
Mass of protoplasm with multiple nuclei; moves as a giant ameba
233
Cytoplasmic streaming
protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction to distribute oxygen and nutrients
234
How do plasmodial slime molds move?
Cytoplasmic streaming.
235
Why are slime molds classified with amebae and not fungi?
unlike fungi, they lack a cell wall, move around actively by engulfing food particles (like amoebae do), and digest their food internally rather than secreting digestive enzymes externally as fungi do;
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What are helminths?
Parasitic worms
237
Phyla of helminths
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Nematoda (roundworms)
238
composition of helminths
Multicellular eukaryotic animals
239
helminths are specialized to
live in hosts
240
How are helminths specialized to live in a host?
May lack digestive system
Reduced nervous system
Reduced or lacking locomotion
Complex reproductive system
241
dioecious helminths
male reproductive organs are in one individual, and female reproductive organs are in another. reproduction only happens wen a male and female are in the same host
242
Monoecious (hermaphroditic)
helminths
Male and female reproductive systems in one animal.
Two hermaphrodites may copulate and simultaneously fertilize each other. A few types of hermaphrodites fertilize themselves.
243
Typical life cycle of helminths
egg ---> larva ---> adult
244
Trematodes (flukes)
Flat, leaf-shaped bodies with
Ventral and oral sucker
245
flukes
flatworm belonging to the class Trematoda
246
Flukes obtain food by
Absorbing it through their cuticle (outer covering of helminths)
247
Paragonimus spp
lung fluke
248
Schistosoma
blood fluke
249
cestodes
tapeworms
250
Scolex
head that has suckers for attachment
251
cestodes absorb food through
cuticle
252
proglottids
part of cestodes that contain male and female reproductive organs
253
definitive hosts of cestodes are
humans
254
How do people get infected with tapeworms?
Eggs from proglottids are ingested, hatch into larvae, and bore into the intestinal wall
255
cysticerci
encysted tapeworm larvae. Tapeworm buried in muscle
256
Taenia solium
pork tapeworm
257
Example of Humans as intermediate hosts
Eggs are ingested and hatch in the intestine
Larvae migrate to the liver or lungs and develop a hydatid cyst
258
hydatid cyst
fluid-filled sacs caused by a parasitic tapeworm. Can develop in any organ of the body
259
Echinococcus granulosus
use people as intermediate host, definitive host are dogs and coyotes
260
humans are a dead end for
Echinococcus S p p
261
Differentiate Paragonimus and Taenia.
Paragonimus infecting the lungs through consumption of raw or undercooked crustaceans, and Taenia being acquired by eating undercooked meat containing tapeworm larvae
262
Roundworms digestive system
Cylindrical; complete digestive system
263
roundworms sexual characteristics
Dioecious; males have spicules
264
spicules
one or two external structures on the male roundworm used to guide sperm
265
roundworms are Free-living and parasitic, meaning
Roundworms live independently, or the get sustenance from a host
266
Ascaris lumbricoides
Infects human intestines
267
Baylisascaris procyonis
raccoon roundworm
268
Trichuris trichiura
whipworm; One billion people worldwide are infected . fecal oral. tropical weather, poor sanitation.
269
Enterobius vermicularis
pinworm. spends its entire life in a human host. female lays eggs in perianal skin
270
Nematodes with eggs infective for humans
1. Ascaris lumbricoides
2. Baylisascaris procyonis
3.Trichuris trichiura
4. Enterobius vermicularis
271
Nematodes with Larvae infective for humans
1. Strongyloides
2. Necator americanus
3. Ancylostoma duodenale-
4. Dirofilaria immitis
272
Strongyloides
reemerging infection
273
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale-
hookworms; enter the skin and are carried to the intestines
274
Dirofilaria immitis
spread by mosquitoes; causes heartworm
275
Arthropods
animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs
276
Vectors
arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms
277
Representative classes of athropods as vectors
1. Arachnida
2. Crustacea
3. Insecta
278
Arachnida
eight legs
279
crustacea
four antennae
280
Insecta
six legs
281
With nearly 1 million species, this is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom
arthropods
282
spiders, mites, ticks
arachnida
283
crabs, crayfish
crustacea
284
bees, flies, lice
insecta
285
What does it mean for vectors to be a mechanical means of transport?
housefly can pick up a pathogen on its feet or body and transport the pathogen to our food.
286
Biological transmission in vectors
pathogen multiplies in the vector
287
When is a vector also a definitive host?
a parasite reaches its adult stage and undergoes sexual reproduction inside of the vector
288
What does C. Albicans cause?
Oral thrush and fulminating disease
289
1. Single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove
2. spindle-shaped and possess flagella
Excavata
290
not motile in their mature forms and are obligate intracellular parasites
- complex life cycles
Apicomplexa
