Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 12 > Flashcards

Chap 12 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mycology

A

Study of fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chemoheterotrophs function

A

Decompose organic matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Arthropods

A

animals with jointed legs, ticks, insects, mosquitoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Helminths

A

multicellular animals; chemoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Helmiths get nutrients by

A

ingestion through mouth or by absorbing food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Often have elaborate life cycles

A

parasitic helminths, egg, larvae adult

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fungi get food by __________. They are chemoheterotrophs

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fungi are multicellular with the exception of

A

yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fungi reproduce with

A

sexual and asexual spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Algae belong to several

A

super clades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Algae are photoautotrophs, meaning,

A

they produce several different photosynthetic pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Algae obtain nutrients by

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Some are multicellular forming colonies, filaments of even tissues. A few produce toxins

A

Algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most protozoa are chemoheterotrophic, meaning

A

Most get nutrients by absorption or ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A

organism that obtains its energy from chemical compounds (chemo) and its carbon source from organic compounds (heterotroph)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

some protozoa are photoautotrophic

A

make organic material for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Protozoa are unicellular or multicellular?

A

unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

often form resistant cysts

A

protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mycorrrhizae

A

A fungus growing in symbiosis with plant roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fungi are identified on the basis of

A

1.physical appearance:
2.colony characteristsics, 3.reproductive spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vegetative

A

referring to cells involved with obtaining nutrients as opposed to reproduction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fungi anaerobe or aerobe?

A

can be both:
1. Aerobic
2. Facultative anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

Can adapt metabolism to live in oxygen rich and oxygen poor environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cell type of fungi vs bacteria

A

fungi: eukaryotic
Bacteria: prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cell membrane of fungi vs bacteria

A

fungi: has sterols
bacteria: only mycoplasma have sterols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cell wall of fungi vs bacteria

A

fungi: Glucans, mannans, chitin (no peptidoglycan)

Bacteria: peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Spores of fungi vs bacteria

A

Fungi: Sexual and asexual reproductive spores

Bacteria: Endospores(not for reproduction); some asexual reproductive spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Metabolism fungi

A

Fungi: Limited to heterotrophic; aerobic, facultatively anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Metabolism of bacteria

A

Heterotrophic, autotrophic, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In molds and fleshy fungi, the thallus is

A

the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The thallus is made of

A

hyphae: long filaments of cells joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

hyphae

A

long filaments of cells joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

mycelium

A

mass of hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Septate hyphae

A

cross walls of hyphae that divide them into cell-like units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Coenocytic hyphae

A

fungal filament not divided into uninucleate cell-like units because it lacks septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Vegetative hyphae

A

Portion of hypha that obtains nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Aerial hyphae

A

involved with reproduction; bear reproductive spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

hyphae can grow by

A

elongating at the tips, each new fragment is capable of growth. Fungi are usually grown from fragments of a fungal thallus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do fungal colonies differ from bacterial colonies?

A

fungal colonies spread more widely and appear less defined compared to bacterial colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Yeasts

A

nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

frequently found as a white powdery coating on fruits and leaves

A

yeasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Budding yeast

A

DIVIDES UNEVENLY
following mitosis, a yeast cell that divides unevenly to produce a small cell (bud) from the parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Saccharomyces

A

type of budding yeast that divides unevenly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Fission yeasts

A

divide evenly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Dimorphic fungi

A

Yeastlike at 37 -C and moldlike at 25 -C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

pseudohypha

A

short chain of fungal cells where daughter cells don’t separate after budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

One ______ cell can in time produce up to 24 daughter cells by budding.

A

yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How does a bud differ from a spore?

A

a bud is a visible, localized growth on the parent, while a spore is a tiny, dispersed unit that can travel further to establish a new organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually via the formation of spores that

A

detach from the parent and germinate into a new mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Asexual spores
Produced via

A

mitosis and cell division; formed by the hyphae of one organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Conidiospore is not enclosed in

A

not enclosed in a sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Arthroconidia

A

fragmentation of septate hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Blastoconidia

A

buds of the parent cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Chlamydoconidium

A

spore within a hyphal segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Sporangiospore

A

enclosed in a sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Sexual spores
Fusion of

A

nuclei from two opposite mating strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Three phases of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Plasmogany
  2. Karyogamy
  3. Meiosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Plasmogamy:

A

fusion of cytoplasm of two cells; occurs in sexual stage of fungal life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

haploid donor cell nucleus (+) penetrates cytoplasm of recipient cell (-)

A

plasmogamy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Karyogamy

A

(+) & (-) nuclei fuse and form diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Meiosis:

A

diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei (sexual spores)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

generally adapted to environments that would be hostile to bacteria.

A

fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

ideal pH to grow fungi

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Fungi are resistant to osmotic pressure; meaning

A

Fungi grows well in high sugar and salt concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Fungi can grow on substances with a very low _________ content

A

moisture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Fungi require somewhat less ________ than bacteria for an equivalent amount of growth.

A

nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Fungi are often capable of metabolizing _________ _______________, such as lignin (a component of wood), that most bacteria can’t use for nutrients.

A

complex carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Assume you isolated a single-celled organism that has a cell wall. How would you determine that it is a fungus and not a bacterium?

A

The cell wall of a fungus : glucans, mannans, chitin, fungus will have sterols in its cell membrane

bacterium cell wall: will not have sterols in its cell membrane. If its gram-positive, itll have a peptidoglycan cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Contrast the mechanism of sexual and asexual spore formation

A

two distinct parent cells (gametes) fuse together through a process called plasmogamy, leading to the formation of a diploid zygote which then undergoes meiosis to produce haploid sexual spores; whereas, asexual spore formation occurs through mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Medically Important Fungi

A

Zygomycota
Microsporidia
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What kind of fungi is Zygomycota?

A

Conjugation fungi
with coenocytic hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Conjugation fungi

A

Reproduce sexually through conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Coenocytic hyphae

A

nonseptate, meaning they are a long cell without compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How are zygomycota produced asexually?

A

sporangiospore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

How are zygomycota produced sexually?

A

zygospore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Zygospore

A

made when the nuclei of two similar cells fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Microsporidia

A

unusual eukaryotes because they lack mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Why were microsporidians reclassified as as protists and not fungi?

A

They lack mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Why were microsporidians classified as fungi?

A

genome sequencing says they are fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Sexual reproduction of microsporidia

A

Hasn’t been observed, but probably takes place in the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites, meaning

A

cannot reproduce outside of their host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Ascomycota means

A

means sac fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Ascomycota includes

A

molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Ascomycota asexual spores are usually produced how?

A

conidia produced, in long chains from conidiophore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

conidia means

A

dust, spores freely detach from the chain at the slightest disturbance and float in the air like dust.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

ascospore

A

sexual fungal spore made in an ascus, made by the ascomycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

ascus

A

saclike structure containing ascospores; found in the ascomycetes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Ascomycota are a type of Teleomorphic fungi, meaning

A

produce sexual and asexual spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Some ascomycota are anamorphic, meaning

A

They lose the ability to sexually reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Spores produced asexually by Ascomycota

A

conidiospore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

spores produced sexually by ascomycota

A

ascospore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Nuclei morphologically similar or dissimilar fuse in a saclike _____

A

ascus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Basidiomycota

A

club fungi; phylum includes fungi that produce mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

club fungi, also possess septate hyphae

A

Basidiomycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Basidiospore

A

sexual fungal spore made in a basidium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Basidium

A

pedestal that makes basidiospores; found in basidiomycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

How do Basidiomycota reproduce asexually?

A

conidiospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

On what basis are fungi classified into phyla?

A

1.life cycles
2.mode of reproduction
3. cell wall and
4.septum structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

teleomorphs

A

sexual stage in a lifecycle of a fungus; fungus that produces sexual and asexual spores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Mycosis

A

fungal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Systemic mycoses

A

deep within the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses

A

beneath the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Cutaneous mycoses

A

affect hair, skin, and nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Superficial mycoses

A

localized (e.g., hair shafts) Fungi grows along hair shaft and on superficial epidermal cells. Prevalent in tropical climates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Opportunistic mycoses

A

fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Are yeasts beneficial or harmful?

A

Beneficial:
-make bread, beer,
Harmful: can cause thrush and other infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

bread, wine, hepatitis B vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Trichoderma

A

Makes cellulase; used to remove plant cell walls to produce a clear fruit juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

fungus Taxomyces

A

anticancer drug taxol, also found in yew trees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Entomophaga

A

killed gypsy moths. Used to kill pests. Biocontrol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Coniothyrium minitans

A

kills fungi on crops. feeds on fungi that destroy soybeans and other bean crops.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Paecilomyces

A

kills termites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

attaches to human epithelial cells as a yeast but usually requires pseudohyphae to invade deeper tissues

A

Candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Lichen

A

combination of green alga (or cyanobacterium) and a fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Lichens are placed in the kingdom

A

Fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Lichens are classified according to

A

the fungal partner, most often an ascomycete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Lichens exist in mutualistic relationships, meaning

A

each partner benefits

118
Q

The ______ is very different from either the alga or fungus growing alone

A

lichen; if the partners are separated, the lichen no longer exists

119
Q

Mutualistic combination of a green alga (or cyanobacterium) and fungus

A

lichen

120
Q

Crustose lichen

A

grow flush or encrusted onto the substratum

121
Q

substratum

A

underlying layer, base or substance

122
Q

foliose lichen

A

more leaflike

123
Q

fruticose lichens

A

have fingerlike projections

124
Q

The lichen’s thallus, or body, forms when

A

hyphae grow around algal cells to become the medulla

125
Q

medulla

A

lichen body made of algae (or cyanobacteria) and fungi. Hyphae grown around algal cells

126
Q

Fungal hyphae project below the lichen body to form _________

A

rhizines

127
Q

rhizine

A

rootlike hypha that anchors a fungus to a surface

128
Q

cortex

A

protective covering of a lichen

129
Q

What does the alga in a lichen do?

A

Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates;

130
Q

Economic importance of lichens

A

Dyes
Antimicrobial (Usnea)
Litmus
Food for herbivores

131
Q

Usnea

A

this lichen makes Usnic acid

132
Q

What is the role of lichens in nature?

A

secrete organic acids that chemically weather rock, and they accumulate nutrients needed for plant growth

major food for tundra herbivores such as caribou and reindeer.

133
Q

can inhabit areas in which neither fungi nor algae could survive alone

A

lichen

134
Q

What is the role of a fungus in a lichen?

A

fungus provides holdfast. gives the lichen the majority of its characteristics, from its thallus shape to its fruiting bodies. Protects the algae

135
Q

Algae

A

A photosynthetic eukaryote; photoautotrophs that lack the roots and stems of plants.

136
Q

is not a taxonomic group;

A

Algae

137
Q

Why are algae no longer considered plants?

A

they lack the embryos of true plants.

138
Q

Algae are currently grouped into

A

super clades

139
Q

Characteristics of algae

A

Unicellular or filamentous photoautotrophs
Lack roots, stems, and leaves

140
Q

Why is algae mostly aquatic?

A

Water is necessary for growth and reproduction

141
Q

locations of algae depend on

A

nutrient availability, wavelengths of light, and surfaces to attach

142
Q

body of multicellular algae

A

Thallus

143
Q

Thallus of algae made of

A

holdfasts, stipes, and blades

144
Q

holdfast

A

branched base of an algal stipe

145
Q

Stipe

A

A stemlike supporting structure of multicellular algae and basidiomycetes.

146
Q

blade

A

A flat leaflike structure of multicellular algae.

147
Q

How do all algae reproduce?

A

Asexually

148
Q

Multicellular algae can fragment or reproduce sexually via

A

alternation of generations. Asexual reproduction occurs for several generations, and then same species reproduces sexually

149
Q

Brown algae (kelp)
cell walls contain

A

Cellulose and alginic acid

150
Q

Composition of brown algae (kelp)

A

Multicellular and macroscopic

151
Q

Produce algin-thickener used in foods

A

Brown algae (kelp)

152
Q

algin

A

thickener used in many foods (such as ice cream and cake decorations), is extracted from brown algae cell walls.

153
Q

Red algae thalli

A

branched

154
Q

Composition of red algae

A

multicellular

155
Q

Harvested for agar and carrageenan

A

red algae

156
Q

Some of this kind of algae can produce a lethal toxin

A

Red algae

157
Q

Green algae cell walls

A

Cellulose cell walls

158
Q

Green algae composition

A

can be unicellular or multicellular

159
Q

pigments in green algae

A

Chlorophyll a and b

160
Q

Diatoms

A

type of green alage that causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), which occurs when people eat shellfish contaminated with the toxin domoic acid

161
Q

Gave rise to terrestrial plants

A

green algae

162
Q

Algae that can store starch

A

green algae

163
Q

Diatoms cell walls

A

Pectin and silica cell walls

164
Q

Diatoms structure

A

Unicellular or filamentous

165
Q

Diatoms store

A

oil

166
Q

Produce domoic acid-cause neurological disease

A

Diatoms

167
Q

Dinoflagellates plasma membrane

A

Cellulose in plasma membrane

168
Q

Dinoflagellates structure

A

unicellular

169
Q

Neurotoxins (saxitoxins) cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

A

Dinoflagellates

170
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

unicellular algae collectively called plankton, or free floating organisms

171
Q

Oomycota

A

(water molds)
Decomposers
plant parasites

172
Q

form the cottony masses on dead algae and animals,

A

oomycota

173
Q

oomycota cell walls

A

Cellulose cell walls

174
Q

How do oomycota feed themselves?

A

chemoheterotrophic

175
Q

What do oomycota produce

A

zoospores

176
Q

Phytophthora infestans

A

oomycota responsible for irish potato blight

177
Q

P. cinnamoni infects

A

Eucalyptus

178
Q

P. ramorum causes

A

sudden oak death

179
Q

zoospore

A

Asexual algal spore; has two flagella

180
Q

Important roles of algae in nature

A

-Fix CO2 into organic molecules
-Produce 80% of earth’s oxygen
-oil production
-symbionts of animals

181
Q

Algal blooms

A

increases in planktonic algae that can result in toxin release or die and consume oxygen

182
Q

Structure of protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryotes

183
Q

Protozoa inhabit

A

water and soil

184
Q

protozoa means

A

first animals

185
Q

Why are protozoa called first animals?

A

because of their animal-like nutrition

186
Q

has complex life cycle

A

protozoa

187
Q

trophozoite

A

Feeding and growing form of protozoa

187
Q

sexual reproduction of protozoa is by

A

conjugation

187
Q

schizogony

A

multiple fission; one organism divides to produce many daughter cells

188
Q

How do protozoa reproduce asexually?

A

fission, budding, or schizogony (multiple fission)

189
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another involving cell to cell contact

190
Q

How do protozoa survive adverse conditions?

A

form a cyst

191
Q

Protozoa require a large supply of

A

water

192
Q

Why does protozoa need specialized structures to intake food?

A

protozoa has outer protective pellicle

193
Q

how do ciliates feed themselves?

A

Ciliates wave cilia toward mouthlike cytosome

194
Q

cytosome

A

cell body excluding the nucleus

195
Q

how do Amebae eat?

A

phagocitize food

196
Q

How do protozoa digest and get rid of wastes?

A

Food is digested in vacuoles and wastes eliminated through an anal pore

197
Q

Medically Important Protozoa

A
  1. Feeding grooves (Excavata)
  2. Amebae
  3. Apicomplexa
  4. Ciliates
198
Q

Excavata

A
  1. Single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove
  2. spindle-shaped and possess flagella
199
Q

Types of excavata

A

Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoa

200
Q

Diplomonads

A

No mitochondria; multiple flagella

201
Q

Giardia intestinalis

A

a diplomonad that causes a very common diarrheal disease in humans

202
Q

Parabasalids

A

Undulating membrane; no cyst stage

203
Q

Euglenozoa feed themselves by

A

Photoautotrophs or facultative chemotrophs

204
Q

Hemoflagellates are a type of

A

Euglenozoa

205
Q

Hemoflagellates are transmitted by

A

bites of blood-feeding insects

206
Q

Amebae move by

A

extending pseudopods

207
Q

Entamoeba histolytica causes

A

amebic dysentery

208
Q

Acanthamoeba

A

infects corneas and causes blindness

209
Q

Balamuthia

A

amoeba that causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis
cause of brain abscesses
most often affects immunocompromised people

210
Q

Apicomplexa

A

not motile in their mature forms and are obligate intracellular parasites
- complex life cycles

211
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections

212
Q

Cryptosporidium

A

transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness

213
Q

Plasmodium

A

causes malaria

214
Q

Plasmodium sexually reproduces in

A

Anopheles mosquito

215
Q

sporozoite

A

trophozoite of Plasmodium found in mosquitoes, infective for humans.

216
Q

trophozoite

A

vegetative life form of a protozoan; growing life stage of a parasite

217
Q

What happens when a mosquito injects a sporozoite into its bite

A

sporozoite undergoes schizogony in the liver; merozoites are produced

218
Q

merozoites

A

trophozoite of plasmodium found in RBCs or liver cells

219
Q

Merozoites infect RBCs and

A

form a ring stage inside the cell

220
Q

ring stage

A

young Plasmodium trophozoite that looks like a ring in a red blood cell.

221
Q

how do merozoites infect new RBCs?

A

RBCs rupture and infect new RBCs

222
Q

Cilates

A

move by cilia arranged in precise rows

223
Q

Balantidium coli (ciliate)

A

only human parasite; causes dysentery

224
Q

intermediate host

A

organsims that harbors larval or asexual stage of a helminth or protozoan

225
Q

Definitive host

A

organism that harbors the adult, sexually mature parasite

226
Q

Slime molds

A

closely related to amebae

227
Q

Taxa of slime molds

A

cellular and plasmodia

228
Q

How do slime molds eat?

A

Ingest fungi and bacteria by phagocytosis

229
Q

Cellular slime molds

A

typical eukaryotic cells that resemble amebae.

230
Q

What do slime molds so when conditions are unfavorable

A

large numbers of ameboid cells aggregate to form a single structure.

231
Q

How do slime molds reproduce?

A

Cells aggregate to form stalks and spore caps that differentiate into spores

helps them get away from unfavorable conditions

232
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A

Mass of protoplasm with multiple nuclei; moves as a giant ameba

233
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

protoplasm moves and changes speed and direction to distribute oxygen and nutrients

234
Q

How do plasmodial slime molds move?

A

Cytoplasmic streaming.

235
Q

Why are slime molds classified with amebae and not fungi?

A

unlike fungi, they lack a cell wall, move around actively by engulfing food particles (like amoebae do), and digest their food internally rather than secreting digestive enzymes externally as fungi do;

236
Q

What are helminths?

A

Parasitic worms

237
Q

Phyla of helminths

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Nematoda (roundworms)

238
Q

composition of helminths

A

Multicellular eukaryotic animals

239
Q

helminths are specialized to

A

live in hosts

240
Q

How are helminths specialized to live in a host?

A

May lack digestive system
Reduced nervous system
Reduced or lacking locomotion
Complex reproductive system

241
Q

dioecious helminths

A

male reproductive organs are in one individual, and female reproductive organs are in another. reproduction only happens wen a male and female are in the same host

242
Q

Monoecious (hermaphroditic)
helminths

A

Male and female reproductive systems in one animal.

Two hermaphrodites may copulate and simultaneously fertilize each other. A few types of hermaphrodites fertilize themselves.

243
Q

Typical life cycle of helminths

A

egg —> larva —> adult

244
Q

Trematodes (flukes)

A

Flat, leaf-shaped bodies with
Ventral and oral sucker

245
Q

flukes

A

flatworm belonging to the class Trematoda

246
Q

Flukes obtain food by

A

Absorbing it through their cuticle (outer covering of helminths)

247
Q

Paragonimus spp

A

lung fluke

248
Q

Schistosoma

A

blood fluke

249
Q

cestodes

A

tapeworms

250
Q

Scolex

A

head that has suckers for attachment

251
Q

cestodes absorb food through

A

cuticle

252
Q

proglottids

A

part of cestodes that contain male and female reproductive organs

253
Q

definitive hosts of cestodes are

A

humans

254
Q

How do people get infected with tapeworms?

A

Eggs from proglottids are ingested, hatch into larvae, and bore into the intestinal wall

255
Q

cysticerci

A

encysted tapeworm larvae. Tapeworm buried in muscle

256
Q

Taenia solium

A

pork tapeworm

257
Q

Example of Humans as intermediate hosts

A

Eggs are ingested and hatch in the intestine
Larvae migrate to the liver or lungs and develop a hydatid cyst

258
Q

hydatid cyst

A

fluid-filled sacs caused by a parasitic tapeworm. Can develop in any organ of the body

259
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A

use people as intermediate host, definitive host are dogs and coyotes

260
Q

humans are a dead end for

A

Echinococcus S p p

261
Q

Differentiate Paragonimus and Taenia.

A

Paragonimus infecting the lungs through consumption of raw or undercooked crustaceans, and Taenia being acquired by eating undercooked meat containing tapeworm larvae

262
Q

Roundworms digestive system

A

Cylindrical; complete digestive system

263
Q

roundworms sexual characteristics

A

Dioecious; males have spicules

264
Q

spicules

A

one or two external structures on the male roundworm used to guide sperm

265
Q

roundworms are Free-living and parasitic, meaning

A

Roundworms live independently, or the get sustenance from a host

266
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Infects human intestines

267
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis

A

raccoon roundworm

268
Q

Trichuris trichiura

A

whipworm; One billion people worldwide are infected . fecal oral. tropical weather, poor sanitation.

269
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm. spends its entire life in a human host. female lays eggs in perianal skin

270
Q

Nematodes with eggs infective for humans

A
  1. Ascaris lumbricoides
  2. Baylisascaris procyonis
    3.Trichuris trichiura
  3. Enterobius vermicularis
271
Q

Nematodes with Larvae infective for humans

A
  1. Strongyloides
  2. Necator americanus
  3. Ancylostoma duodenale-
  4. Dirofilaria immitis
272
Q

Strongyloides

A

reemerging infection

273
Q

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale-

A

hookworms; enter the skin and are carried to the intestines

274
Q

Dirofilaria immitis

A

spread by mosquitoes; causes heartworm

275
Q

Arthropods

A

animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs

276
Q

Vectors

A

arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms

277
Q

Representative classes of athropods as vectors

A
  1. Arachnida
  2. Crustacea
  3. Insecta
278
Q

Arachnida

A

eight legs

279
Q

crustacea

A

four antennae

280
Q

Insecta

A

six legs

281
Q

With nearly 1 million species, this is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom

A

arthropods

282
Q

spiders, mites, ticks

A

arachnida

283
Q

crabs, crayfish

A

crustacea

284
Q

bees, flies, lice

A

insecta

285
Q

What does it mean for vectors to be a mechanical means of transport?

A

housefly can pick up a pathogen on its feet or body and transport the pathogen to our food.

286
Q

Biological transmission in vectors

A

pathogen multiplies in the vector

287
Q

When is a vector also a definitive host?

A

a parasite reaches its adult stage and undergoes sexual reproduction inside of the vector

288
Q

What does C. Albicans cause?

A

Oral thrush and fulminating disease

289
Q
  1. Single-celled eukaryotes with a feeding groove
  2. spindle-shaped and possess flagella
A

Excavata

290
Q

not motile in their mature forms and are obligate intracellular parasites
- complex life cycles

A

Apicomplexa

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions