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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 11 > Flashcards

Chap 11 Flashcards

The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

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1
Q

Prokaryotes in Bergey’s manual are grouped into two domains

A

Archaea & Bacteria

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2
Q

Domain of prokaryotic cells lacking in peptidoglycan

A

archaea

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3
Q

bacteria are also commonly distinguished by gram staining

A

gram positive or gram negative

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4
Q

proteobacteria characteristics

A

1.Gram-negative,
2.chemoheterotrophic bacteria that posses a
3.signature rRNA sequence

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5
Q

proteobacteria are thought to have arised from

A

a common photosynthetic ancestor

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6
Q

Largest taxonomic group of bacteria

A

proteobacteria

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7
Q

Few proteobacteria are

A

photosynthetic, other capacities have replaced this characteristic

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8
Q

The phylogenetic relationship between proteobacteria is based upon

A

rRNA studies

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9
Q

The name proteobacteria comes from

A

Greek god Proteus, who could take many shapes

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10
Q

Proteobacteria are designated into five classes

A
  1. alphaproteobacteria
  2. beta
  3. gamma
  4. delta
  5. epsilon
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11
Q

Alphaproteobacteria capable of growth with very low levels of ______

A

nutrients

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12
Q

prosthecae

A

unusual stalks or buds that grow out of alphaproteobacteria

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13
Q

prostheca

A

a stalk or bud protruding from a prokaryotic cell

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14
Q

Include agriculturally important bacteria capable of nitrogen fixation

A

alphaproteobacteria

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15
Q

Pelagibacter Ubique

A

most abundant living organism in the oceans on the basis of weight.

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16
Q

Thought to have an important role in the earth’s carbon cycle

A

P. ubique

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17
Q

P. Ubique has a small size and small genome, which allows it to

A

survive in low-nutrient environment

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18
Q

size of P. ubique

A

0.3 micrometers in diameter

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19
Q

Which bacteria have the smallest genomes?

A

bacteria in symbiotic relationships because they have lower metabolic requirements

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20
Q

What has a smaller genome than P. ubique?

A

several mycoplasmas

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21
Q

has only 1354 genes

A

P. Ubique

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22
Q

first member of SAR 11 group to be successfully cultivated

A

P. ubique

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23
Q

Azospirilum

A

soil bacterium; grows closely associated to roots, especially in tropical grasses. Uses nutrients excreted from the plants to fix nitrogen from atmosphere.

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24
Q

azo-

A

nitrogen fixing

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25
Q

azo- comes from

A

without life, nitrogen associated with no life

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26
Q

Acetobacteraceae & Gluconobacter

A

industrially important 1. aerobic organisms that
2.convert ethanol into acetic acid (vinegar).

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27
Q

Granulibacter

A

emerging; found in patients with chronic granulomatous disease.

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28
Q

In the first edition of Bergey’s Manual, the genera Rickettsia, Coxiella, and Chlamydia were grouped closely because

A

all obligate intracellular parasites—that is, they reproduce only within a mammalian cell

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29
Q

In the second edition they are now widely separated.

A

Rickettsias, chlamydias, and viruses

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30
Q

Contain a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

A

viruses

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31
Q

Contain a protein coat (sometimes itself enclosed by an envelope of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates) that surrounds the nucleic acid.

A

viruses

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32
Q

Multiply inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell

A

viruses

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33
Q

Cause the synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells.

A

viruses

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34
Q

Rickettsias gram negative or gram positive?

A

gram-negative

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35
Q

One distinguishing feature of most rickettsias

A

transmitted to humans by insect and tick bites

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36
Q

Rickettsia enter their host cell by

A

Inducing phagocytosis. They quickly enter the cytoplasm of the cell and begin reproducing by binary fission

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37
Q

Rickettsias can usually be cultivated artificially in

A

cell culture or chick embryos

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38
Q

are responsible for a number of diseases known as the spotted fever group.

A

Rickettsias

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39
Q

epidemic typhus, caused by

A

Rickettsia prowazekii

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40
Q

Epidemic typhus is transmitted by

A

transmitted by lice

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41
Q

endemic murine typhus, caused by

A

R. typhi

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42
Q

endemic murine typhus, transmitted by

A

rat fleas

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43
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, caused by

A

R. rickettsii, transmitted by ticks

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44
Q

In humans, rickettsial infections damage

A

The permeability of blood capillaries, which results in a characteristic spotted rash.

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45
Q

Ehrlichia

A

1.gram-negative, 2.rickettsia-like bacteria that
3. live obligately within white blood cells

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46
Q

Ehrlichia species are transmitted by

A

ticks to humans

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47
Q

cause ehrlichiosis, a sometimes fatal disease

A

Ehrlichia

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48
Q

Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium found in

A

low-nutrient aquatic environments, Lakes

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49
Q

Have stalks that anchor the organisms to surfaces

A

Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium

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50
Q

Waht is the function of the stalk in Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium?

A

Increases nutrient uptake

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51
Q

How does the stalk increase nutrient uptake?

A

-exposed to changing flow of water, increases surface area,
-can use host excretions as nutrients

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52
Q

When does the stalk grow?

A

When the nutrient concentration is exceptionally low, to pick up more food

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53
Q

Budding bacteria don’t divide by

A

binary fission into two identical cells

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54
Q

What happens during the budding process?

A

The parent cell retains its identity while the bud increases in size until it separates as a complete new cell.

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55
Q

Hyphomicrobium found in

A

in low-nutrient aquatic environments

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56
Q

Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium reproduce by

A

budding rather than binary fission

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57
Q

Both Caulobacter and Hyphomicrobium produce prominent

A

prosthecae

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58
Q

Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium infect

A

roots of leguminous plants, such as beans, peas, or clover

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59
Q

common name of Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium

A

rhizobia

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60
Q

presence of rhizobia in the roots leads to

A

formulation of nodules;

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61
Q

Rhizobia and plant form a symbiotic relationship that results in

A

fixation of nitrogen from the air so it can be used by the plant

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62
Q

Agrobacterium can invade

A

plants

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63
Q

can invade plants but these bacteria do not induce root nodules or fix nitrogen

A

Agrobacterium

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64
Q

Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes a disease called

A

crown gall

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65
Q

Plant crown

A

Area of plant where roots and stem merge

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66
Q

How does crown gall occur?

A

A. tumefaciens inserts a plasmid containing bacterial genetic information into the plant’s chromosomal DNA

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67
Q

Plasmids

A

most common vector that scientists use to carry new genes into a plant cell

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68
Q

Why are plasmids the most common vector that scientists use to carry new genes into a plant cell?

A

Thick wall of plants is hard to penetrate

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69
Q

Genus __________ has several members that are human pathogens

A

Bartonella

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70
Q

Bartonella henselae

A

1.gram-negative bacillus that
2.causes cat-scratch disease

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71
Q

Brucella

A

obligate parasites of mammals, cause of brucellosis

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72
Q

small nonmotile coccobacilli, cause brucellosis

A

Brucella

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73
Q

Brucella can survive

A

phagocytosis

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74
Q

Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas are important to

A

environment and agriculture; nitrifying bacteria

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75
Q

Obligate parasite of mammals; survives phagocytosis
Causes brucellosis

A

Brucella

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76
Q

Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas are chemoautotrophic, meaning

A

use inorganic chemicals as energy source; CO2 as carbon source

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77
Q

Nitrosomonas equation

A

NH4 —> NO2-

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78
Q

Nitrobacter equation

A

NO2- —> NO3-

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79
Q

Wolbachia

A

Endosymbiont of insects
Affects reproduction of insects

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80
Q

The energy sources of the genera Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas (the latter is a member of the betaproteobacteria) are

A

reduced nitrogenous compounds

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81
Q

Nitrate is important to agriculture;

A

it’s a nitrogen form that’s highly mobile in soil and therefore likely to be encountered and used by plants.

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82
Q

most common infectious bacterial genus in the world

A

Wolbachia

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83
Q

Wolbachia live only inside the cells of

A

their hosts

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84
Q

hosts of wolbachia are usually

A

Insects

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85
Q

escapes detection by the usual culture methods.

A

Wolbachia

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86
Q

interferes with reproduction and egg development in infected insects.

A

Wolbachia

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87
Q

Wolbachia-infected male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are being released in several places including Brazil, Florida, California, and southeast Asia to

A

prevent the spread of Zika, chikungunya, and dengue viruses

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88
Q

The Betaproteobacteria

A
  1. Acidithiobacillus
  2. Spirillum
  3. Sphaerotilus
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89
Q

Found in freshwater
Move via flagella

A

Spirirlum

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90
Q

Acidithiobacillus

A

1.Chemoautotrophic;
2.oxidize sulfur to sulfates:
H2S —> SO4 2-

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91
Q

Sphaerotilus function

A

Form sheaths to aid in protection and nutrient gathering

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92
Q

The betaproteobacteria often use nutrient substances that diffuse away from

A

areas of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, such as hydrogen gas, ammonia, and methane. Several important pathogenic bacteria are found in this group.

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93
Q

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are important in the sulfur cycle

A

Acidithiobacillus

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94
Q

chemoautotrophic bacteria capable of obtaining energy by oxidizing the reduced forms of sulfur, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), or elemental sulfur (S0), into sulfates (SO42−).

A

Acidithiobacillus

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95
Q

________ bacteria are motile by conventional polar flagella

A

Spirillum

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96
Q

Relatively large, gram-negative, aerobic bacteria.

A

Spirilla

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97
Q

Sphaerotilus gram negative or gram positive?

A
  1. gram-negative
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98
Q

Sheaths aid in

A

protection and nutrient accumulation

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99
Q

Sphaerotilus natans contributes to

A

bulking in sewage

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100
Q

can eventually swim free of the sheath.

A

Sphaerotilus

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101
Q

Burkholderia motile by

A

single polar flagellum or tuft of flagella

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102
Q

Burkholderia cepacia aerobic vs anaerobic

A

aerobic,

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103
Q

nutritional spectrum of Burkholderia cepacia

A

capable of degrading more than 100 different organic molecules.

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104
Q

The large nutritional spectrum of burkholderia is a problem because

A

bacteria can grow in diinfectant solutions. Contamination of equipment and drugs in hospitals

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105
Q

Why is burkholderia a problem for people with genetic lung disease cystic fibrosis,?

A

it metabolizes accumulated respiratory secretions.

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106
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallei found in

A

Moist soils in southeast asia and northern australia

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107
Q

causes melioidosis

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

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108
Q

Bordetella pertussis characteristics

A

nonmotile, aerobic, gram-negative

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109
Q

cause of pertussis or whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

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110
Q

Neisseria characteristics

A

aerobic, gram-negative cocci

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111
Q

Neisseria usually inhabit

A

mucous membranes of mammals

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112
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Causative agent of gonorrhoea

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113
Q

agent of meningococcal meningitis

A

N. meningitidi

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114
Q

uses fimbriae and an outer membrane protein called Opa to attach to host cells. After the (red) bacterium attaches, the (green) host cell membrane surrounds it

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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115
Q

How do fimbriae contribute to pathogenicity?

A

helping bacteria adhere to surfaces and invade host cells

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116
Q

As they grow, Zoogloea bacteria form

A

fluffy, slimy masses that are essential to the proper operation of aerobic sewage treatment

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117
Q

largest subgroup of the proteobacteria and include a great variety of physiological types

A

Gammaproteobacteria

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118
Q

Thiomargarita namibiensis,

A

the largest known bacterium but also exhibits several unusual characteristics

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119
Q

Thiotrichales Beggiatoa

A

nutritionally distinctive

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120
Q

pathogen causing tularemia

A

Francisella tularensis

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121
Q

Beggiatoa species grows in

A

unusual genus that grows the only in aquatic sediments between aerobic and anaerobic layers

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122
Q

Morphologically, the genus resembles certain filamentous cyanobacteria, but it is not photosynthetic

A

Beggiatoa

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123
Q

Its motility is enabled by the production of slime

A

Beggiatoa

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124
Q

How does slime aid motility?

A

attaches to the surface on which movement occurs and provides lubrication, allowing the organism to glide

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125
Q

Francisella
F. tularensis:

A

causes tularemia

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126
Q

Pseudomonadales
Pseudomonas are what kind of pathogens?

A

Opportunistic pathogens; nosocomial infections

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127
Q

Pseudomonadales
Pseudomonas
metabolism

A

Metabolically diverse

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128
Q

Motility of pseudomonas

A

Polar flagella; common in soil

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129
Q

P. aeruginosa

A

Pseudomona found in wound and urinary tract infections

130
Q

use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as an energy source and accumulates internal granules of sulfur.

A

Beggiatoa

131
Q

small, pleomorphic bacteria that grow only on complex media enriched with blood or tissue extracts

A

Francisella

132
Q

Pseudomondales characteristics

A

gram-negative aerobic rods or cocci.

133
Q

Most important genus in pseudomondales group is

A

pseudomonas

134
Q

Pseudomonadales order also includes

A

Azotobacter, Azomonas, Moraxella, Acinetobacter.

135
Q

Pseudomonads are very common in

A

soil and other natural environments

136
Q

Pseudomonas (soo’dō-MŌ-nas) consists of which characteristics?

A

1.aerobic, 2.gram-negative rods that are motile by
3. polar flagella, either single or in tufts.

137
Q

Azotobacter and Azomonas role

A

Nitrogen-fixing

138
Q

Moraxella
M. lacunata

A

causes conjunctivitis

139
Q

Acinetobacter
A. baumanii

A

respiratory pathogen; resistant to antibiotics

140
Q

Legionellales genuses

A
  1. Legionella
  2. Coxiella
141
Q

Legionella found in

A

Found in streams, warm-water pipes, and cooling towers
Causes legionellosis

142
Q

Coxiella burnetii effect & transmission

A

causes Q fever; transmitted via aerosols or milk

143
Q

Coxiella Burnetti is resistant because

A

it has an endopspore-like body

144
Q

Vibrionales
Found in

A

aquatic habitats

145
Q

V. cholerae

A

causes cholera

146
Q

V. parahaemolyticus causes which disease

A

causes gastroenteritis

147
Q

Enterobacteriales
Commonly called

A

enterics-inhabit the intestinal tract

148
Q

enterobacteriales action

A

ferment carbohydrates

149
Q

Enterobacteriales anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Faculative anaerobes

150
Q

Enterobacteriales have what kind of flagella

A

Peritrichious flagella: all over surface

151
Q

Escherichia is a type of

A

enetrobacteriales

152
Q

E. coli

A

indicator of fecal contamination; causes foodborne disease and urinary tract infections

153
Q

Salmonella

A

2,500 serovars
Common form of foodborne illness

154
Q

salmonella is a type of

A

Enterobacteriales

155
Q

Salmonella typhi causes

A

typhoid fever

156
Q

Shigella is a type of

A

enterobacteriales

157
Q

Shigella causes which disease

A

Causes bacillary dysentery

158
Q

K. pneumoniae

A

causes pneumonia

159
Q

Klebsiella

A

K. pneumoniae type of enetrobacteriales

160
Q

Serratia
Produces

A

red pigment

161
Q

Common cause of nosocomial infections

A

Serratia

162
Q

Serratia is a type of

A

Enterobacteriales

163
Q

Swarming motility; colonies form concentric rings

A

Proteus

164
Q

Y. pestis causes plague
Transmitted via fleas

A

Yesernia

165
Q

Erwinia

A

Plant pathogens

166
Q

Yersinia, proteus and erwinia are types of

A

Enterobacteriales

167
Q

Enterobacter
E. cloacae and E. aerogenes diseases

A

cause urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections

168
Q

Cronobacter discovered in

A

Discovered in 2007

169
Q

C. sakazakii disease and location

A

meningitis; found in a variety of environments and foods

170
Q

Pasteurellales
Pasteurella

A

Pathogen of domestic animals

171
Q

P. multocida mode of transmission

A

is transmitted to humans via animal bites

172
Q

Haemophilus require

A

X factor (heme) and V factor (NAD+, NADP+) in media

173
Q

H influenzae causes

A

causes meningitis, earaches, and epiglottitis

174
Q

H. influenzae does not cause

A

influenza, influenza is caused by influenza virus, not bacteria

175
Q

Bdellovibrio

A

Attacks other gram-negative bacteria

176
Q

Desulfovibrionales uses what as final electron acceptor?

A

S0 or SO4 2- instead of O2

177
Q

Desulfovibrio is found in

A

anaerobic sediments and intestinal tracts

178
Q

Myxo

A

mucus

179
Q

Myxococcales move by

A

gliding and leave a slime trail

180
Q

Cells aggregate and form a fruiting body containing

A

myxospores

181
Q

Myxospores

A

resistant resting cells released from sporangioles upon favorable conditions

182
Q

species of pseudomonads excrete pigments

A

extracellular, water- soluble pigments that diffuse into their media

183
Q

produces a soluble, blue-green pigmentation.

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

184
Q

Epsilon proteobacteria are

A

Helical or curved; microaerophilic

185
Q

Campylobacter flagellum

A

One polar flagellum

186
Q

C. jejuni

A

causes foodborne intestinal disease

187
Q

Helicobacter
flagella

A

Multiple flagella

188
Q

Helicobacter diseases

A

Cause peptic ulcers and stomach cancer

189
Q

Function of cyanobactera

A

Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

190
Q

Many cyanobacteria contain

A

heterocysts that can fix nitroge

191
Q

heterocysts

A

can fix nitrogen

192
Q

named for their characteristic blue-green (cyan) pigmentation, were once called blue-green algae.

A

cyanobacteria

193
Q

Although they resemble the eukaryotic algae and often occupy the same environmental niches, cyanobacteria is not

A

algae, although, they do carry out photosynthesis

194
Q

most cyanobacteria are capable of

A

nitrogen fixation

195
Q

heterocysts

A

contain enzymes that fix nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonium

196
Q

cyanobacteria and Species that grow in water usually have gas vacuoles that

A

provide buoyancy

197
Q

Shape of cyanobacteria colony

A

Can be filamentous or unicellular

198
Q

anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

A

Phyla Chlorobi and Chloroflexi

199
Q

Equation for anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

2 H2S + CO —> (CH2O) + H2O + 2S0

200
Q

Green sulfur bacteria belong to which phylum?

A

Chlorobi

201
Q

Green non-sulfur bacteria belong to which phylum

A

phylum Chloroflexi

202
Q

Purple sulfur and purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria are what kind of bacteria?

A

proteobacteria

203
Q

Anabaena photosynthesis

A

1.Plantlike photosynthesis; some
2.use bacterial photosynthesis under anaerobic conditions

204
Q

Green nonsulfur bacteria ex

A

Chloroflexus

205
Q

Green sulfur bacteria ex

A

Chlorobium

206
Q

Purple nonsulfur bacteria ex

A

Rhodospirilum

207
Q

Purple sulfur bacteria ex

A

Chromatium

208
Q

No peptidoglycan in the cell wall; grow intracellularly

A

Chlamydiae

209
Q

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila form an

A

elementary body that is infective

210
Q

elementary body

A

infectious form of chlamydiae

211
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

causes trachoma and urethritis

212
Q

Chlamydophila psittaci

A

causes respiratory psittacosis

213
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

A

causes a mild form of pneumonia prevalent in young adults

214
Q

have a unique developmental cycle that is perhaps their most distinguishing characteristic

A

Chlamydias

215
Q

Chlamydias gram positive or gram negative?

A

gram-negative

216
Q

Chlamydias are transmitted to humans by

A

interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes

217
Q

Gemmata obscu riglobus

A

has a membrane around D N A, resembling an eukaryotic nucleus

218
Q

Nonproteobacteria are gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram negative

219
Q

Types of nonproteobacteria

A
  1. Bacteroidetes
  2. Fusobacteria
220
Q

Bacterioidetes are aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

221
Q

Bacteroides are found in

A

the mouth and large intestine

222
Q

Cytophaga degrade

A

cellulose in soil

223
Q

Fusobacteria are aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic

224
Q

Fusobacteria are found in

A

mouth, cause dental abscesses

225
Q

Spirochaetes

A

Coiled and move via axial filaments

226
Q

Examples of Spirochaetes

A
  1. Treponema
  2. Borrelia
  3. Leptospira
227
Q

Treponema pallidum causes

A

syphylis

228
Q

Causes relapsing fever and lyme disease

A

Borrelia

229
Q

Leptospira

A

excreted in animal urine

230
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans more resistant to

A

radiation than endospores

231
Q

Thermus aquaticus found in

A

hot spring in Yellowstone national part

232
Q

Source of Taq polymerase

A

Thermus aquaticus

233
Q

Which gram-negative group has a life cycle that includes different stages?

A

Chlamydia

234
Q

Both the purple and green photosynthetic bacteria and the photosynthetic cyanobacteria use plantlike CO2 fixation to make carbohydrates. In what way does the photosynthesis carried out by these two groups differ from plant photosynthesis?

A

they do not use water as an electron donor and therefore do not produce oxygen as a byproduct

235
Q

The Axial filament distinguishes what genera of bacteria

A

Spirochetes

236
Q

Firmicutes,
Tenericutes,
Actinobacteria are all gram positive or gram negative?

A

Gram positive

237
Q

Firmicutes G+C ratios

A

Low G+C ratios

238
Q

Tenericutes G+C ratios

A

low G+C ratios

239
Q

Actinobacteria G+C ratio

A

high G+C ratios

240
Q

Clostridiales are type of

A

firmicutes

241
Q

Clostridium aerobic vs anaerobic
And makes

A

Endospore-producing
Obligate anaerobes

242
Q

Includes disease-causing C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile

A

Clostridium

243
Q

Epulopiscium are a type of

A

firmicutes

244
Q

Epulopiscium can be seen with

A

naked eye

245
Q

Epulopiscium cells form within

A

parent cell; no binary fission

246
Q

Bacillales are a type of

A

Firmucute

247
Q

Bacillus

A

Endospore-producing rods

248
Q

B. anthracis

A

causes anthrax

249
Q

B. thuringiensis

A

is an insect pathogen

250
Q

B. cereus

A

causes food poisoning

251
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Grape-like clusters

252
Q

S. aureus causes

A

wound infections, often antibiotic resistant, makes an enterotoxin

253
Q

Lactobacillales are a type of

A

firmicutes

254
Q

Lactobacillales are what kind of anaerobes?

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

255
Q

Lactobacillales produce lactic acid from

A

simple carbohydrates

256
Q

Lactobacillus

A

colonize the body and are used commercially in food production

257
Q

Streptococcus are a type of

A

lactobacillales

258
Q

streptococcus produce

A

enzymes that destroy tissue

259
Q

Beta-hemolytic streptococci hemolyze

A

blood agar

260
Q

S. pyogenes

A

type of Beta-hemolytic group

261
Q

beta-hemolytic species produce a

A

hemolysin that forms a clear zone of hemolysis on blood agar. causes clear areas around the colonies

262
Q

Principal pathogen of streptococci

A

S. pyogenes

263
Q

Non-beta-hemolytic streptococci include

A

S. pneumoniae
S. mutans

264
Q

S. mutans

A

causes dental caries

265
Q

Lactobacillales-important members of which genus?

A

Streptococcus

266
Q

Beta-hemolytic streptococci examples

A

S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae

267
Q

Beta-hemolytic streptococci subdivided into Groups

A

A through G

268
Q

S. pneumoniae and S. mutans often exhibit

A

alpha hemolysis

269
Q

Enterococcus type of

A

type of lactobacillales

270
Q

Eneterococcus found in

A

intestinal tract; hospital contaminants

271
Q

E. faecalis and E. faecium infect

A

surgical wounds and the urinary tract

272
Q

E. faecalis and E. facecium are examples of which genus?

A

Enterococcus

273
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

contaminates food

274
Q

Pleomorphic

A

lack a cell wall

275
Q

Low G+C Gram positive bacteria

A

Tenericutes

276
Q

Mycoplasma are pleomorphic bacteria, meaning

A

they lack a cell wall

277
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia causes a

A

mild pneumonia

278
Q

To which genus is Enterococcus more closely related: Staphylococcus or Lactobacillus?

A

Lactobacillus; they are in the same phylum and class

279
Q

Actinobacteria

A

high G+C
Gram positive

280
Q

Often pleomorphic; branching filaments
Often common inhabitants of soil

A

Actinobacteria

281
Q

Mycobacterium belong to which phylum?

A

Actinobacteria

282
Q

Growth of mycobacterium

A

slow-growing

283
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes

A

tuberculosis

284
Q

Mycobacterium leprae causes

A

leprosy

285
Q

Corynebacterium belong to which phylum?

A

Actinobacteria

286
Q

C. diphtheriae

A

causes diptheria

287
Q

Propionibacterium
forms

A

propionic acid

288
Q

P. acnes

A

causes acne

289
Q

Propionibacterium belongs to which phylum?

A

actinobacteria

290
Q

Gardanella vaginalis

A

causes vaginitis

291
Q

Gardnerella is part of which phyllum?

A

Actinobacteria

292
Q

Frankia is part of which phylum?

A

Actinobacteria

293
Q

Frankia forms

A

Forms N-fixing nodules on tree roots

294
Q

Streptomyces

A

Isolated from soil; produce most antibiotics

295
Q

Actinomyces

A

Form filaments in the mouth and throat; destroy tissue

296
Q

Nocardia

A

Form fragmenting filaments; acid-fast

297
Q

N. asteroides

A

causes pulmonary infections

298
Q

What group of bacteria makes most of the commercially important antibiotics?

A

Streptomyces

299
Q

Distinct taxonomic grouping; lack peptidoglycan

A

Archaea

300
Q

Halophiles

A

Require salt concentration >25%

301
Q

Thermophiles

A

Require growth temperature > 80C

302
Q

Methanogens aerobic or anaerobic

A

Anaerobic and produce methane

303
Q

What kind of archaea would populate solar evaporating ponds?

A

halophiles and thermophiles

304
Q

List two factors that contribute to the limits of our knowledge of microbial diversity.

A
  1. cannot be cultivated with the media and conditions normally used for bacterial growth in a lab
  2. some bacteria are part of complex food chains and can grow only in the presence of other microbes
305
Q

Thiomargarita diameter

A

750 micrometers

306
Q

Carsonella ruddii size

A

182 genes

307
Q

P C R indicates perhaps __________ or more bacterial species per gram of soil

A

10,000

308
Q

How can you detect the presence of a bacterium that cannot be cultured?

A

PCR

309
Q

Sphaerotilus is found in

A

Found in freshwater and sewage

310
Q

Anabena is a type of

A

Type of cyanobacteria

311
Q

Pseudomondales gram positive or gram negative?

A

gram-negative

312
Q

Pseudomondales aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

313
Q

Shape of pseudomondales

A

rods or cocci.

314
Q

Sphaerotilus motility

A

polar flagella

315
Q

Sphaerotilus special characteristics

A

Sheathed

316
Q

Sphaerotilus special characteristics

A

Sheathed

317
Q

Rickettsias shape

A

rod-shaped bacteria, or coccobacilli

318
Q

Burkholderia cepacia gram negative vs gram positive

A

gram-negative

319
Q

Burkholderia cepacia shape

A

rod, best known

320
Q

Chlamydias shape

A

coccoid bacteria

321
Q

often antibiotic resistant, makes an enterotoxin

A

S. Aureus

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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