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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 5 > Flashcards

Chap 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Non-competitive inhibitors

A

Don’t bind to substrate binding site. They bind at another place and change the shape of the active binding side. Increasing substrate concentration has no effect on non-competitive inhibition

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2
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

Have similar shape to substrate. They bind to the enzyme active binding site and outcompete the substrate.
If the substrate increases in amount, then the substrate can outcompete the competitive inhibitor.

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

Build up and breakdown of nutrients within the cell

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4
Q

Function of metabolism

A

Chemical reactions provide energy and create life-sustaining substances

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5
Q

What provides the energy for anabolic reactions?

A

Catabolic reactions

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6
Q

Many microbial metabolic pathways are beneficial instead of

A

Pathogenic

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7
Q

Breaks down complex molecules; provides energy and building blocks for anabolism; exergonic

A

Catabolism

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8
Q

Uses energy and building blocks to build complex molecules; endergonic

A

Anabolism

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9
Q

What is the role of ATP in coupling anabolic and catabolic reactions

A
  • energy is released by hydrolysis of ATP
    -energy is stored in molecules of ATP
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10
Q

dental plaque consists of

A

Bacteria

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11
Q

Facilitate metabolic reactions

A

Enzymes

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12
Q

Used by microbes and other cells to manage energy needs

A

ATP

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13
Q

Reactions couple with ATP synthesis

A

Catabolic

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14
Q

reactions that couple with ATP breakdown

A

Anabolic

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15
Q

Releases energy by oxidation of molecules

A

Catabolism

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16
Q

Uses energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell

A

Anabolism

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17
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

sequence of metabolic reactions in a cell. They are catalyzed by enzymes.

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18
Q

Metabolic pathways are determined by

A

Enzymes

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19
Q

Enzymes are encoded by

A

genes

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20
Q

Sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism

A

metabolism

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21
Q

Metabolism includes

A

metabolism and anabolism

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22
Q

How is energy from catabolism stored?

A

ATP

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23
Q

How is energy wasted during anabolism and catabolism?

A

Energy is lost as heat

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24
Q

Collision theory

A

Chemical reactions happen when atoms, ions and molecules collide.

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25
Q

Activation energy

A

the collision energy you need for a chemical reaction to occur

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26
Q

Reaction Rate

A

Frequency of collisions that have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction

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27
Q

How can you increase reaction rate?

A
  1. Enzymes,
  2. Raising temperature,
  3. Raising pressure,
  4. Raising concentration,
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28
Q

Catalysts

A

speed up chemical reactions without being altered

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29
Q

Find the term: Biological catalysts

A

Enzymes

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30
Q

Enzymes act on a specific

A

substrate

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31
Q

Function of enzymes

A

Lower activation energy

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32
Q

enzyme-substrate complex

A

Substrate fitting into the enzymes active site

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33
Q

Substrate is transformed and rearranged into _________ which are released from the enzyme

A

Products

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34
Q

What happens to the enzyme when its used?

A

Enzyme is unchanged and can react with other substrates

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35
Q

A specific enzyme accepts a

A

specific substrate

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36
Q

Turnover number

A

the number of substrate molecules an enzyme converts to a product per second

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37
Q

Turnover number can be

A

Generally 1 to 10,000
Can be as high as 500,000

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38
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

Enzyme for oxidation-reduction reactions

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39
Q

Transferase

A

Enzyme for transfer of functional groups

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40
Q

Hydrolase

A

hydrolysis

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41
Q

Lyase

A

removal of atoms without hydrolysis

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42
Q

Isomerase

A

rearrangement of atoms

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43
Q

Ligase

A

joining of molecules; uses A T P

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44
Q

Enzyme components: Apoenzyme

A

protein portion (inactive when alone)

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45
Q

Enzyme components : Cofactor

A

nonprotein component

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46
Q

Enzyme components: Coenzyme

A

organic cofactor

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47
Q

Enzyme components: Holoenzyme:

A

apoenzyme plus cofactor (whole, active enzyme form)

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48
Q

Assist enzymes; electron carriers

A

NAD+
NADP+
FAD
CoA

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49
Q

NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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50
Q

NADP+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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51
Q

FAD

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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52
Q

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

A
  1. TEMPERATURE
  2. pH
  3. Substrate concentration
  4. Inhibitors
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53
Q

What can denature proteins?

A
  1. High temperature
  2. extreme pH
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54
Q

When does the enzyme catalyze at its maximum rate?

A

When the substrate concentration is high (high saturation)

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55
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the substrate

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56
Q

interact with another part of the enzyme (allosteric site) rather than the active site in a process called allosteric inhibition

A

noncompetitive inhibitors

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57
Q

What can non-competitive inhibitors do ?

A
  1. Change the shape of the active site
  2. Can be reversible or non-reversible
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58
Q

What is allosteric inhibition?

A

inhibitors bind somewhere else other than the active site

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59
Q

Increasing the number of substrate has no effect on which kind of inhibition?

A

non-competitive

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60
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

The end product of a reaction allosterically inhibits enzymes from earlier in the pathway.

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61
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA that works like catalysts. Binds to substrates and acts upon them.

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62
Q

Are ribozymes used up in reactions?

A

no

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63
Q

Ribozymes are frequently used in the cell to

A

cut and splice R N A

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64
Q

Ribozymes are also involved in

A

in protein synthesis in ribosomes

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65
Q

Oxidation

A

removal of electrons

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66
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

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67
Q

Redox reaction:

A

an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

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68
Q

In biological systems, electrons and protons are removed at the same time; equivalent to

A

a hydrogen atom

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69
Q

Biological oxidations are often

A

dehydrogenations

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70
Q

A T P is generated by

A

by the phosphorylation of A D P with the input of energy

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71
Q

A T P is generated when

A

high energy PO4- is added to ADP

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72
Q

Electron transport chain system

A

Electrons are transferred from one electron carrier to another. The electron transport chain system is located on a membrane. The ETP releases energy to make ATP.

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73
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Process where ATP is made from ADP using energy from the electron transport chain

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74
Q

Photophosphorylation only happens in

A

photosynthetic cells with light-trapping pigments like chlorophylls

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75
Q

What happens in photophosphorylation?

A

light energy is changed to chemical energy (ATP) during the oxidation from chlorophyll. The electrons pass through a system of carrier molecules.

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76
Q

Outline the three ways that A T P is generated.

A

1.Glycolysis,
2. Krebs Cycle,
3.Oxidative phosphorylation

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77
Q

What are Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production?

A

Series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions

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78
Q

What is the purpose of Metabolic Pathways of Energy Production?

A

Extracts energy from organic compounds and stores it in chemical form (A T P)

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79
Q

The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy typically occurs in three principle stages

A

1.Glycolysis
2.Krebs cycle
3.Electron transport chain (system)

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80
Q

Glycolysis

A

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces A T P and N A D H

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81
Q

The metabolsim of glucose occurs in

A

almost every single cell

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82
Q

What is the term for the breakdown of glucose?

A

Glycolysis

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83
Q

Glycolysis is also called the

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

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84
Q

Main phases of glycolysis

A

Preparatory stage & Energy conservation stage

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85
Q

What happens in the preparatory stage?

A

uses two molecules of ATP to phosphorylate glucose. Makes it easier to break it apart into two 3-carbon molecules

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86
Q

What is produced in the energy conservation stage?

A

4ATP
2NADH
2 pyruvic acid molecules.

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87
Q

What happens at the end of glycolysis?

A

The energy found in glucose has been converted to a net of two ATP molecules and two NADH molecules
2 pyruvate

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88
Q
  1. 2 A T P are used
  2. Glucose is split to form two molecules: one glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (gram P), and one dihydroxyacetone phosphate (D H A P)
  3. D H A P is readily converted to gram P
A

Preparatory stage

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89
Q
  1. The two glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid molecules
  2. 4 A T P are produced
  3. 2 N A D H are produced
A

Energy-conserving stage

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90
Q

Prepares glucose for utilization by the cell

A

Preparatory stage

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91
Q

Energy investment stage

A

Part of preparatory stage
1. ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose

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92
Q

Lysis stage

A

Part of preparatory stage
1. Doubly phosphorylated molecule is cleaved into two phosphorylated 3-carbon sugars

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93
Q

Results in a net gain of available energy by the cell in the form of ATP and NADH

A

Glycolysis

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94
Q

True or false: Energy is needed to start glycolysis?

A

True; ATP is needed

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95
Q

What happens in first step of glycolysis?

A

A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to glucose

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96
Q

What happens in the second step of glycolysis?

A

atoms of glucose 6-phosphate are rearranged to form fructose 6-phosphate

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97
Q

Third step of glycolysis

A

further energy is invested in the form of ATP forming fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

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98
Q

Fourth step of glycolysis

A

fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleaved into two 3-carbon sugars, DHAP & G3P/GP

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99
Q

Glycolysis is named after which step ?

A

4th step

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100
Q

5th step of glycolysis

A

isomerase transforms the dihydroxyacetone phosphate into its isomer, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

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101
Q

6th step of glycolysis

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to 1,3-biphosphoglyceric acid

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102
Q

Each glucose molecule that goes through glycolysis results in the production of _ molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

A

2, this is important because it makes two of each of the products from the 6th step onward

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103
Q

The phosphate in the 6th step does not come from ATP, it comes from

A

a free inorganic phosphate in solution

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104
Q

What happens during the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

A

one NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each of the two 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid molecules formed

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105
Q

During the energy conserving stage, the two 3-carbon sugars are oxidized over several steps to

A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid

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106
Q

Glycolysis results in

A

Overall net gain of two molecules of A T P for each molecule of glucose oxidized

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107
Q

Equation for glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi –> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O)

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108
Q

Purpose of pentose phosphate pathway

A

Breaks down five-carbon pentose sugars and/or glucose and produces N A D P H

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109
Q

Which pathway operates simultaneously with glycolysis?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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110
Q

Which pathway can provide intermediates for synthesis reactions?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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111
Q

Entner-Doudoroff pathway produces

A

N A D P H and A T P

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112
Q

Which pathway does not involve glycolysis; operates independently?

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

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113
Q

Which pathway Occurs in Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Agrobacterium

A

Entner-Doudoroff pathway

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114
Q

What is the value of the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways if they produce only one A T P molecule?

A

they play critical roles in generating NADPH and metabolic intermediates

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115
Q

What happens in cellular respiration?

A

Oxidation of molecules liberates electrons to operate an electron transport chain

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116
Q

In cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor comes from

A

outside the cell and is inorganic

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117
Q

Aerobic respiration uses ______ as the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

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118
Q

Anaerobic respiration uses what as the final electron acceptor?

A

a molecule other than oxygen

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119
Q

ATP is generated by what in cellular respiration?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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120
Q

What happens during the krebs cycle?

A

Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and
decarboxylation (loss of CO2 occurs

Oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2 , making some ATP, energy containing NADH, and FADH2

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121
Q

What results from the two-carbon compound in the krebs cycle?

A

The resulting two-carbon compound attaches to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA and N A D H

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122
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces

A
  1. N A D H,
  2. FADH2,
  3. ATP
  4. Liberates CO2 as waste
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123
Q

What happens in the first step of the krebs cycle?

A

acetyl CoA donates the Acetyl group to oxaloacetic acid to make citric acid

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124
Q

What makes the addition of the acetyl group to the oxaloacetate acid possible?

A

The high energy bond between the acetyl group and CoA makes the addition of the acetyl group to the oxaloacetate acid possible

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125
Q

What happens in the second step of the Krebs cycle?

A

Citric acid is rearranged to form isocitric acid

126
Q

What happens when citric acid is changed to isocitric acid?

A

water is removed from one carbon atom of citric acid, and then added back to the adjacent carbon atom.

127
Q

Why is citric acid rearranged to isocitric acid?

A

to prepare for two consecutive decarboxylation steps, which generate usable energy

128
Q

What happens in the third step of the Krebs Cycle?

A

the isocitric acid is oxidized and decarboxylated to produce a-ketoglutaric acid

129
Q

The free energy released during the third step of krebs cycle is used to?

A

reduce an NAD+ molecule to generate an NADH molecule

130
Q

The NADH molecule in the Krebs cycle can move to

A

generate 3 ATPs through oxidative phosphorylation

131
Q

What happens in the fourth step of the krebs cycle?

A

a-ketoglutaric acid loses another carbon atom in the form of carbon dioxide

132
Q

The loss of a CO2 molecule is accompanied by

A

a large release of energy, therefore another NADH molecule is generated from NAD+

133
Q

In the fourth step of the krebs cycle, the remaining 4-carbon succinyl group is attached to

A

CoA, producing succinyl CoA

134
Q

What allows more energy to be extracted from the succinyl molecule in the krebs cycle?

A

coupling step

135
Q

What happens in the fifth step of the krebs cycle?

A

water reacts with succinyl CoA, releasing CoA and producing succinic acid

136
Q

Breaking the high energy bond between the succinyl group and CoA releases

A

a large amount of energy, which helps make guanosine triphosphate

137
Q

GTP carries the same amount of energy as an

A

ATP molecule

138
Q

GTP can be used to produce which molecule?

A

ATP

139
Q

The CoA can be recycled to react with

A

a-ketoglutaric acid

140
Q

6th step of krebs cycle

A

involves another oxidation reaction, succinic acid loses 2 H atoms to form fumaric acid,

141
Q

FAD gains two H atoms, reducing FAD to

A

FADH2-

142
Q

The FADH2 molecule has the reducing capability to produce

A

2 ATPs during oxidative phsophorylation

143
Q

What happens in the 7th step of krebs cycle?

A

newly created double bond of fumaric acid is hydrated to form malic acid

144
Q

What is the purpose of the 7th step of krebs cycle?

A

does not produce energy, but it makes the intermediate for 8th step

145
Q

8th step of krebs cycle

A

oxidation;
Malic acid is oxidized to regenerate oxaloacetic acid, one of the reactants for the first step of the krebs cycle, molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH

146
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

In the plasma membrane of prokaryotes; inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes

147
Q

What happens during the electron transport chain?

A

Series of carrier molecules are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain

148
Q

Examples of carrier molecules that are oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain?

A

flavoproteins, cytochromes, and ubiquinones

149
Q

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to produce

A

ATP by chemiosmosis

150
Q

What happens during chemiosmosis?

A

Electrons from NADH pass down the electron transport chain, while the protons are pumped across the membrane

151
Q

What establishes the proton gradient (proton motive force)?

A

chemiosmosis

152
Q

What does ATP synthase do ?

A
  1. Protons in higher concentration on one side of the membrane diffuse through ATP synthase/ lets protons move through, which gives the energy to make ATP
153
Q

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen

A

Aerobic Respiration

154
Q

Equation for Aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 38 ADP + 38 P i —> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ 38 ATP

155
Q

Each N A D H can be oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce

A

3 molecules of ATP

156
Q

Each FADH2 can produce

A

2 molecules of ATP

157
Q

Which kind of respiration yields less energy than Aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respirtation

158
Q

The final electron acceptor is NOT O2?

A

Anaerobic respiration

159
Q

Electron acceptor NO3- the product is

A

NO2-, N2, H2O

160
Q

Electron acceptor SO4 2-, the products are

A

H2S + H2O

161
Q

Electron acceptor CO3 2-, the products are

A

CH4 + H2O

162
Q

What are the principal products of the Krebs cycle?

A

carbon dioxide (CO2),
3NADH,
1 FADH2,
1GTP

163
Q

How do carrier molecules function in the electron transport chain?

A

undergo a sequence of redox reactions in order to carry electrons from a primary electron donor all the way to a terminal electron acceptor

164
Q

Compare the energy yield (A T P) of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

A

Aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration

165
Q

What does fermentation do ?

A

Releases energy from the oxidation of organic molecules

166
Q

Fermentation does not require

A

oxygen

167
Q

Fermentation does not use

A

Krebs cycle or E T C

168
Q

What does fermentation use as the final electron acceptor?

A

organic molecule

169
Q

What amount of ATP does fermentation produce?

A

Small amounts of ATP

170
Q

Lactic acid fermentation produces

A

lactic acid

171
Q

Homolactic fermentation produces

A

lactic acid only

172
Q

Heterolactic fermentation produces

A

lactic acid and other compounds

173
Q

In fermentation, Glucose is oxidized to

A

pyruvic acid

174
Q

In fermentation, pyruvic acid is reduced by

A

NADH

175
Q

Alcohol fermentation produces

A

Ethanol and CO2

176
Q

Explain the process of alcohol fermentation

A
  1. Glucose is oxidized to pyruvic acid,
  2. Pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde & CO2,
  3. NADH reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol
177
Q

Pyruvic acid+ Propionibacterium

A

proprionic acid,
acetic acid,
H2

178
Q

Pyruvic acid + clostridium

A

butyric acid, butanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, CO2

179
Q

Pyruvic Acid+ Escherichia, Salmonella

A

ethanol
lactic acid
succinic acid,
acetic acid
CO2 and H2

180
Q

Pyruvic acid and Enterobacter

A

ethanol, lactic acid, formic acid, butanediol, acetoin, CO2 and H2

181
Q

List four compounds that can be made from pyruvic acid by an organism that uses fermentation.

A
  1. lactic acid,
  2. formic acid
  3. ethanol
    4.CO2
182
Q

How are proteins broken down into amino acids?

A

Get broken down by extracellular proteases and peptidases

183
Q

Do amino acids cross plasma membranes?

A

Yes because the are Deaminated, decarboxylated, desulfurized to get the molecules that can enter the krebs cycle

184
Q

What are the end-products of lipid and protein catabolism?

A

Lipids: Glycerol/ fatty acids
Protein: amino acids

185
Q

Biochemical tests identify bacteria by

A

detecting enzymes (e.g., those involved in decarboxylation and dehydrogenation)

186
Q

What is the Fermentation test?

A

a pH test . Bacteria that catabolize carbs or proteins produce acid, making the pH indicator change color.

187
Q

The fermentation test can also be used with?

A

Durham tube to detect gas production during fermentation

188
Q

What is the oxidase test ?

A

finds bacteria that have cytochrome c oxidase (e. g. , Pseudomonas)

189
Q

On what biochemical basis are Pseudomonas and Escherichia differentiated?

A

Pseudomonas: oxidative- POSITIVE
Escherichia is oxidative- NEGATIVE

190
Q

What are Light-dependent (light) reactions?

A

conversion of light energy into chemical energy (A T P and N A D P H)

191
Q

What are light-independent (dark) reactions?

A

ATP & NADPH are used to reduce CO2 to sugar (carbon fixation) via Calvin-Benson cyccle

192
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

reducing CO2 to sugar. Turning inorganic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic compounds.

193
Q

What kind of life can do photosynthesis?

A
  1. Plants,
  2. Algae,
  3. Cyanobacteria,
  4. other prokaryotes
194
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Using water, light and CO2 to make glucose

195
Q

Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place?

A

folds of the cell membranes in prokaryotes

196
Q

Where did chloroplasts come from?

A

Thought to have been swallowed by other kinds of bacteria

197
Q

Thylakoids

A

structures in chloroplasts that contain all components that help harvest light in the thylakoid membranes

198
Q

What molecule in chloroplasts helps capture light?

A

chlorophyll

199
Q

What does does the light captured by chlorophyll do?

A

makes a proton gradient during light dependent reactions

200
Q

proton gradient in chloroplasts is used to make

A

ATP

201
Q

During the light dependent reactions, NADP+ is reduced to

A

NADPH

202
Q

The ATP and NADPH PRODUCED DURING THE LIGHT DEPENDNT REACTIONS ARE USED TO MAKE

A

Glucose in the dark reactions of calvin-benson cycle

203
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 +12H2S+ LIGHT —> C6H12O6 + H2O + 12S

204
Q

phototrophs

A

organisms that use light as their energy source, and carry out photosynthesis

205
Q

Groups of photosynthetic bacteria

A

photoautotrophs,
Photoheterotrophs

206
Q

Phototrophs that use CO2

A

Photoautotrophs

207
Q

Phototrophs that use organic compounds

A

photoheterotrophs

208
Q

Types of photoheterotrophs

A

Green non-sulfur bacteria
Purple non-sulfur bacteria

209
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Uses water to reduce CO2

210
Q

Use sulfur compounds to reduce CO2

A

Green sulfur bacteria
purple sulfur bacteria

211
Q

Prokaryotes that are most like eukaryotic algae and plants

A

Cyanobacteria

212
Q

Cyanobacteria have what attached to thylakoids?

A

chlorophyll a and other pigments

213
Q

Cyanobacteria resembles a

A

chloroplast

214
Q

Cyanobacteria use water to

A

reduce CO2 and give off O2 , like eukaryotes

215
Q

Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts are both

A

Oxygenic

216
Q

Cyanobacteria and chlororplasts are found in which environments

A

Aerobic environments, like surface of a lake, or ocean.

217
Q

Where do the green and purple colors come from?

A

from the bacteriochlorophylls. They absorb light at different wavelengths

218
Q

In green bacteria, the bacteriochlorophyll is located in

A

a spherical structure called a chlorosome

219
Q

Where is the chlorosome located?

A

just inside the plasma membrane

220
Q

Purple bacteria have their bacteriochlorophylls located on

A

the intracytoplasmic membranes, often found in layers

221
Q

The green and purple bacteria do not use water as their

A

reducing power, they dont make oxygen

222
Q

anoxygenic bacteria

A

green and purple bacteria, found in anaerobic enviroments

223
Q

Carbon source for purple non-sulfur bacteria

A

Organic compounds, alcohols, acids, carbohydrates

224
Q

Reducing power for purple non-sulfur bacteria

A

Organic compounds

225
Q

Carbon source of purple sulfur bacteria

A

CO2

226
Q

What is the reducing power for Purple sulfur bacteria

A

H2S or S2O3 2- (thiosulfate)

227
Q

Green non-sulfur bacteria carbon source

A

Organic compounds

228
Q

Green non-sulfur bacteria reducing power is

A

organic compounds

229
Q

Green sulfur bacteria carbon source

A

CO2

230
Q

Green sulfur bacteria reducing power

A

H2S

231
Q

How is photosynthesis important to catabolism?

A

It provides the organic molecules, like glucose, that organisms break down during catabolic processes to release energy in the form of ATP

232
Q

What is made during the light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP & NADPH

233
Q

How are oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation similar?

A

both processes generate ATP by using an electron transport chain to create a proton gradient across a membrane, which then drives the synthesis of ATP through the enzyme ATP synthase

234
Q

Summarize how oxidation enables organisms to get energy from glucose, sulfur, or sunlight.

A

transferring electrons from these molecules to an electron acceptor, releasing energy in the process which is then used to generate ATP, the primary energy currency of cells

235
Q

Phototroph

A

use light energy to drive A T P production

236
Q

Photoautotroph

A

use energy obtained initially from light in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 to sugar

237
Q

Oxygenic:

A

produces O2

238
Q

Anoxygenic

A

does not produce O2

239
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

use organic compounds as sources of carbon; anoxygenic

240
Q

Chemoautotrophs obtain energy from

A

inorganic chemicals; use CO2 as carbon source

241
Q

For chemoautotrophs, energy is used in the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix

A

CO2

242
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Obtain energy A N D carbon from organic chemicals
Medically and economically important

243
Q

Almost all medically important microbes belong to which of the four aforementioned groups?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

244
Q

Where do amino acids required for protein synthesis come from?

A

the intermediates formed from the pentose phosphate pathway, the Krebs cycle, and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway.

245
Q

Define amphibolic pathways

A

metabolic pathways that function in both anabolism and catabolism

246
Q

Many pathways function simultaneously with common intermediates

A

amphibolic pathways

247
Q

Aminoacids can be further broken down through

A

glycolysis, and krebs cycle

248
Q

Nucleic acids can be broken down by

A

nucleases into nucleotides and can enter the the glycolysis pathway

249
Q

How are polysaccharides broken down?

A

broken into glucose and then broken down through glycolysis and krebs cycle

250
Q

Lipase enzymes break lipids into

A

glycerol & fatty acids

251
Q

Which pathway breaks down glycerol?

A

The glycolytic pathway

252
Q

Fatty acids enter just prior to the

A

krebs cycle

253
Q

fermentation is also considered

A

catabolism

254
Q

Fermentation converts pyruvic acid into

A

other 2 and 3-carbon molecules & CO2

255
Q

Synthesis of ______ , ______ ______, ______________ & ______ is the reverse of their catabolism

A
  1. proteins
  2. nucleic acids
  3. polysaccharides
  4. lipids
256
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway uses and intermediate from glycolysis to produce

A

5-carbon sugars called pentoses,

257
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway makes pentoses that are useful for

A

synthesis of nucleotides

258
Q

Photosynthesis is primarily what kind of reaction?

A

Anabolic

259
Q

At what pH is the Enzyme most active?

A

5.0

260
Q

How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

The rate of reaction increases when you have more substrate, until all the active sites on the enzyme molecules are filled, that’s when you’ve reached the maximum rate of reaction.

261
Q

What is the purpose of metabolic pathways?

A

to convert nutrients into usable energy for cellular functions. To break down larger molecules into smaller ones that the body needs.

262
Q

4th step of glycolysis

A
  1. fructose 1,6 bisphosphate gets cleaved into DHAP and GTP/G3P
  2. DHAP gets turned into G3P/GP, directions is driven to G3P
263
Q

6th step of glycolysis

A

G3P converted to 1,3- bisphosphoglyceric acid

264
Q

During the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate,

A

one NAD+ is reduced to NADH for each of the two 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid molecules formed

265
Q

During the energy conserving stage, the two 3-carbon sugars

A

the two 3-carbon sugars are oxidized over several steps to two molecules of pyruvic acid

266
Q

What is made during the 6th step of glycolysis?

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH:

267
Q

Calvin Benson cycle

A

Fixation of CO2 into reduced organic compounds; used by autotrophs

268
Q

What happens to NADH and FADH2 after the Krebs cycle?

A

They get oxidized in the electron transport chain to make ATP

269
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP is usually generated when a high energy is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP . Does NOT GENERATE ATP using Electron transport chain

270
Q

NAD+ transfers

A

Electrons

271
Q

Function of coenzymes

A

Assist enzyme by accepting or donating atoms to/from the substrate

272
Q

Two of the most important coenzymes are

A

NAD+ & NADP+

273
Q

NAD+ receives

A

One H atom and one electron. One proton is released into the medium

274
Q

NAD+ is reduced to

A

NADH, which is a more energy rich molecule

275
Q

All of the following are required for the generation of ATP by chemiosmosis except

A

Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid

276
Q

Define chemiosmosis

A

The transfer of electrons from one electron carrier to the next releases energy, some of which is used to generate ATP from ADP

277
Q

Enzymes work most effectively at their optimal

A

pH, amount of substrate, temperature

278
Q

Nitrobacter bacteria use carbon dioxide for their carbon source and nitrate ions as an energy source this organism is a

A

Chemoautotroph

279
Q

An increase in pH is a result of

A

Deamination.
The amino group of an amino acid is removed and converted to ammonium ion NH4+ which can be excreted from the cell causing an increase in pH of the medium

280
Q

What are the products of non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

1.ATP
2. O2
3. NADPH

281
Q

Carbon fixation occurs during

A

Photosynthesis

282
Q

The synthesis of sugars by using carbon atoms from carbon dioxide gas is also called

A

Carbon fixation

283
Q

The chemical energy from photosynthesis is then used to

A

Convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to more reduced Carbon compounds primarily sugars

284
Q

Thiobacillus bacterium uses the Calvin Benson cycle to reduce carbon dioxide and the oxidation of sulfide ions for energy this organism is a

A

Chemoautotroph

285
Q

Use electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy & CO2 as their principal source of carbon

A

Chemoautotroph

286
Q

Carbon dioxide fixation occurs in the_________ cycle

A

Calvin Benson cycle

287
Q

Amination

A

Amino acids are synthesized by adding an amine group to pyruvic acid or to an intermediate from the Krebs cycle

288
Q

Uses light as its energy source and carbon dioxide as its carbon source

A

Photoautotroph

289
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

produces five carbon intermediates needed for synthesis of nucleic acids

290
Q

Use organic molecules as energy and carbon sources

A

Heterotrophs

291
Q

Which molecule traps energy released during oxidation reduction reactions

A

ATP

292
Q

Which one molecule could provide the carbon source the energy source and the electron source for a chemoheterotroph

A

Glucose

293
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Organisms that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and ammonia or hydrogen sulfide as energy sources

294
Q

Which is not a reaction that occurs in the catabolism of amino acids

A

Carbon fixation

295
Q

Amphibolic pathways

A

Can function in anabolism or catabolism

296
Q

Amphibolic pathways

A

Can function in anabolism or catabolism

297
Q

What happens during the light independent reactions

A

Organism synthesize sugars

298
Q

What happens during the light independent reactions

A

Organism synthesize sugars

299
Q

The light independent reactions include a complex cyclic pathway called the

A

Calvin Benson cycle

300
Q

The light independent reactions include a complex cyclic pathway called the

A

Calvin Benson cycle

301
Q

What happens during the Calvin Benson cycle

A

Carbon dioxide is fixed and used to synthesize sugars

302
Q

Glucose as energy
Respires O2

A

Chemoheterotroph

303
Q

Use the electrons from hydrogen atoms in organic compounds as their energy source

A

Chemoheterotrophs

304
Q

Use electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy, and they use CO2 as principal source of carbon. Sources of energy can include: H2S, S, NH3, nitrite NO2-

A

Chemoautotrophs

305
Q

Which test is commonly used to find aerobic microorganisms

A

Oxidase test

306
Q

What is glycolysis

A

The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid

307
Q

How does glycolysis occur?

A

1.Enzymes of glycolysis catalyze the splitting of sugar into 2 3 carbon sugars

  1. Sugars get oxidized and release energy.
  2. Atoms are rearranged to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
308
Q

Electrons from the oxidation of glucose are transferred to

A

NAD+

309
Q

How does glycolysis make ATP

A

Through substrate level phosphorylation

310
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is generated when high energy gets transferred from a phosphorylated compound to ADP

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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