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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 19 > Flashcards

Chap 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define hypersensitivity

A

Also called allergy; enhanced immune reaction leading to pathological changes.

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2
Q

Antigenic response that results in undesirable effects

A

Hypersensitivity

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3
Q

When does hypersensitivity happen?

A

People who have been sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen

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4
Q

Allergen

A

Antigen that causes hypersensitivity

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5
Q

During hypersensitivity, what happens when a sensitized individual is exposed to the antigen again?

A

The body’s immune system reacts to it in a damaging manner

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6
Q

Immunopathology

A

The study of hypersensitivity reactions

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7
Q

The study of hypersensitivity reactions is called

A

Immunopathology

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8
Q

What are the four principal types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A

1.Anaphylactic
2.cytoxic
3. Immune complex
4. Cell-mediated

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9
Q

Delayed-type reactions

A

Cell-mediated

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10
Q

A reaction that occurs in a sensitized individual resulting in tissue damage, rather than immunity

A

Hypersensitivity reaction

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11
Q

Reactions that happen 2-30 minutes after a sensitized person is exposed to an antigen

A

Type I Anaphylactic reactions

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12
Q

Anaphylaxis in Greek means

A

Opposite of protected

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13
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

A hypersensitivity reaction involving IgE antibodies, last cells and basophils

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14
Q

Systemic anaphylaxis reactions can lead to

A

Shock, breathing difficulties, sometimes fatal

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15
Q

Localized anaphylaxis reactions can lead to

A

Common allergic conditions such as hay fever, asthma and hives

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16
Q

Are all immune responses beneficial?

A

No, too strong reactions can be life threatening

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17
Q

Mast cells are especially prevalent in

A

1.The mucosal and connective tissue of skin
2.respiratory tract and surrounding blood vessels

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18
Q

Basophils in the bloodstream are recruited to

A

Site of infection.

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19
Q

Mast cells and basophils contain

A

Granules of histamine and other chemical mediators

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20
Q

What type of cells do IgE antibodies bind to?

A

Mast cells and basophils

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21
Q

Which are the steps of an anaphylactic reaction?

A
  1. IgE binds to mast cells and basophils
  2. Antigen molecules cross-link adjacent IgE molecules
  3. Degranulation occurs
  4. Chemical mediators such as histamine are released
  5. Capillary permeability and smooth muscle contractions increase
  6. Neutrophils and eosinophils move to the site
22
Q

Which is true regarding systemic anaphylaxis?

A

1.Systemic reaction can be fatal in only a few minutes
2. Result in dramatic decrease in blood pressure
3. Commonly associated with injected antigens

23
Q

What are the outcomes of taking antihistamine?

A
  1. Decreased mucus
  2. Decreased histamine-based stimulation of cells
  3. Decreased permeability of blood vessels
24
Q

What is the purpose of desensitization programs?

A

Repeated exposure to the (wasp venom) antigen will increase the amount of IgG made by the immune system

25
Q

Desensitization can be accomplished by injecting small amounts of

A

The antigen/allergen

26
Q

Helps prevent allergic response

A

Desensitization

27
Q

The IgG molecules made during desensitization function as

A

Blocking antibodies

28
Q

Blocking antibodies are extremely effective in

A

Providing protection from a hypersensitivity reaction

29
Q

Why are blocking IgG antibodies so effective at protecting from another response to wasp venom?

A

The blocking IgG antibodies outnumber the IgE antibodies and bind to wasp venom before the IgE antibodies can bind

30
Q

HIV induces AIDS by

A

Killing helper T cells, reducing the number of cells below 200 per microliter

31
Q

Which HIV diagnostic method tests for HIV directly?

A

PCR, used to determine if HIV RNA is present in patient samples

32
Q

HIV is spread by

A

-Blood,
-Breast milk
-Unprotected sexual intercourse

33
Q

HIV infects which cells?

A

Immune cells
CD4-positive T-helper cells and macrophages. Does not infect cells of the digestive system or lungs.

34
Q

Which group of anti retroviral drugs prevents viral assembly and release?

A

Protease inhibitors

35
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

Prevent large viral proteins from cleaving into smaller, viral proteins

36
Q

Protease inhibitors help prevent

A

Viral assembly and release from infected cells

37
Q

Progress of HIV infection in adults can be divided into 3 steps

A
  1. Infection is asymptomatic. HIV population in blood is at its highest
  2. CD4+ T cells undergoes steady decline, but few serious symptoms are apparent
  3. Clinical AIDS. CD4+ T cells counts drop below 200 cells per microliter
38
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity results from

A

Release of inflammatory molecules in response to an antigen

39
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity results when

A

Cells are destroyed by the immune system

40
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity results when

A

Antigen antibody complexes become trapped in organs, including the joints and blood vessels

41
Q

Proteins made by wbcs that adhere to complementary antigens on the surface of rbcs

A

Antibodies

42
Q

Passive immunotherapy

A

Delivery of pathogen specific antibodies to an individual

43
Q

The antibodies in passive immunotherapy immediately

A

Bind to the pathogen specific antigens, ultimately leading to the elimination of the pathogen

44
Q

Active immunotherapy

A

Immunization.
Delivery of pathogen specific antigens to a person. Adaptive immune response is generated. In a week, antigen specific antibodies will be produced and will ultimately lead to the elimination of the pathogen

45
Q

Passive immunotherapy does not make

A

Memory cells, protection is temporary

46
Q

Live vaccines

A

Contain attenuated pathogens

47
Q

Killed vaccines

A

Pathogens unable to replicate

48
Q

Toxoid vaccines

A

Uses modified toxins

49
Q

Combination vaccine

A

Contains antigens from multiple pathogens

50
Q

Live vaccines contain

A

Avirulent microbes
Capable of replicating

51
Q

Which are the possible complications of vaccination?

A

-residual virulence
-anaphylactic shock
-fever/seizures

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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