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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 4 > Flashcards

Chap 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.

A

Prokaryote

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2
Q

comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

A

Eukaryote

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3
Q

One circular chromosome, not in a membrane

A

Prokaryote

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4
Q

No histones

A

Prokaryote

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5
Q

No organelles

A

Prokaryote

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6
Q

Bacteria: peptidoglycan cell walls

A

prokaryote

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7
Q

Archaea: pseudomurein cell walls

A

Prokaryote

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8
Q

Divides by binary fission

A

Prokaryote

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9
Q

Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryote

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10
Q

has Histones

A

Eukaryote

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11
Q

Has organelles

A

Eukaryote

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12
Q

Polysaccharide cell walls, when present

A

Eukaryote

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13
Q

Divides by mitosis

A

Eukaryote

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14
Q

What is the main feature that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus

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15
Q

Average size of bacteria

A

0.2 to 2.0 μm diameter × 2 to 8 μm length

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16
Q

monomorphic bacteria

A

single shape

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17
Q

pleomorphic bacteria

A

many shapes

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18
Q

Bacillus

A

rod-shaped

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19
Q

coccus

A

spherical-shaped

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20
Q

Types of spiral bacteria

A

Vibrio
Spirillum
Spirochete

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21
Q

Shapes of bacterial cells

A

1.Bacillus (rod-shaped)
2.Coccus (spherical-shaped)
3.Spiral
4.Star-shaped
5.Rectangular

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22
Q

See fig. 4.4 Draw types of spiral bacteria

A
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23
Q

diplococci, diplobacilli

A

pairs di-

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24
Q

di-

A

pairs

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25
Q

staphylo-

A

clusters staphylococci

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26
Q

Strepto-

A

Chains

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27
Q

tetrads

A

groups of 4

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28
Q

sarcinae

A

cubelike groups of 8

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29
Q

Bacillus scientific name and shape

A

scientific name: Bacillus
Shape:bacillus

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30
Q
A
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30
Q

vibrio

A

one curve

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31
Q

Spirilum shape

A

more curved than vibrio, thicker than spirochete

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32
Q

Spirochete

A

more slender than spirilum

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33
Q

How can you identify streptococci with a microscope?

A

it would look like a chain of spheres under the microscope

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34
Q

Glycocalyx is external to

A

External to the cell wall

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35
Q

Consistency of glycocalyx

A

viscous and gelatinous

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36
Q

Glycocalyx is made of

A

Made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide

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37
Q

Two types of glycocalyx

A

1.Capsule
2. Slime layer

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38
Q

Capsule glycocalyx

A

Neatly organized and firmly attached

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39
Q

Slime layer glycocalyx

A

unorganized and loose

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40
Q

Glycocalyx contributes to

A

virulence

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41
Q

the relative capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a susceptible host

A

virulence

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42
Q

virulence

A

the relative capacity of a microbe to cause damage in a susceptible host

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43
Q

Cause of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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44
Q

Filamentous appendages external of the cell

A

Flagella

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45
Q

Function of flagella

A

Propel bacteria

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46
Q

Flagella is made of

A

protein flagellin

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47
Q

Filament of flagella

A

Outermost region

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48
Q

Hook of flagella

A

attaches to the filament

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49
Q

Basal body of flagella:

A

consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

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50
Q

Parts of flagella

A
  1. Filament
  2. Hook
  3. Basal body
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51
Q

Monotrichous

A

cells with a single flagellum

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52
Q

in monotrichous cells, what happens when the flagellum rotates counterclockwise?

A

The bacterium runs in a single direction

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53
Q

in monotrichous cells, what happens when the flagellum rotates clockwise?

A

The bacterium tumbles and changes direction

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54
Q

amphitrichous bacteria

A

have a flagellum at either end of the cell

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55
Q

lophotrichous

A

bacteria with a tuft of flagella at one end. Multiple tails at one end

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56
Q

in lophotrichous cells, what happens when the flagella rotate counterclockwise?
clockwise?

A

counterclockwise: the bacteria runs
clockwise: the bacteria tumbles

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57
Q

Peritrichous bacteria

A

have flagella covering the surface of the cell

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58
Q

When does Peritrichous bacteria run?

A

when all flagella rotate counterclockwise and become bundled.

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59
Q

When does Peritrichous bacteria tumble?

A

When flagella rotate clockwise and separate

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60
Q

Importance of flagella during taxis

A

Flagella allow bacteria to move toward or away from stimuli

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61
Q

Why do flagella rotate?

A

to “run” or “tumble”

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62
Q

Flagella proteins are what kind of antigens ?

A

Flagella proteins are H antigens

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63
Q

serovars

A

different strains of bacteria (called serovars, for serological variants)

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64
Q

Helps distinguish among serovars

A

flagella proteins

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65
Q

motility

A

The ability of an organism to move by itself

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66
Q

Why is motility of cells important?

A

Lets the cell move towards a desired environment or to flee from a harmful environment

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67
Q

Has axial filaments

A

spirochetes

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68
Q

Taxis

A

movement toward or away from a stimulus

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69
Q

phototaxis

A

light stimulus

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70
Q

chemotaxis

A

chemical stimulus

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71
Q

When do tumbles become less frequent?

A

positive taxis

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72
Q

positive taxis

A

move towards the stimulus

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73
Q

When do tumbles become more frequent?

A

When the cell moves away from the stimulus

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74
Q

Archaella

A

Another motility structure. Found on archaea. Are thinner and more flexible than flagella. Made of different proteins than flagella.

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75
Q

Archaella are made of

A

glycoproteins archaellins

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76
Q

Archaella are anchored to

A

the cell

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77
Q

motion of archaella

A

rotate like flagella

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78
Q

Axial filaments are also called

A

endoflagella

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79
Q

Axial filaments are found in

A

spirochetes

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80
Q

Where are axial filaments anchored?

A

at one end of the cell

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81
Q

What kind of movement do axial filaments create?

A

Rotation causes cell to move like a corkscrew

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82
Q

Group of bacteria that are spiral shaped. Move in corkscrew-like fashion

A

spirochetes

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83
Q

Use flagella that do not protrude from the cell wall like typical flagella

A

spirochetes

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84
Q

Lyme disease is caused by a

A

spirochete

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85
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

spirochete that causes lyme disease

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86
Q

treponema pallidum

A

causes syphilis, spirochete

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87
Q

The axial filament is made of a bundle of flagella called

A

endoflagella

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88
Q

How does the endoflagella cause the spirochete to move?

A

rotation of the endoflagella around the bacterium causes the spirochete to corkscrew through the medium. Lets it move through mucus easily

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89
Q

Fimbriae

A

Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment

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90
Q

Pili involved in

A

Involved in motility (gliding and twitching motility)

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91
Q

Conjugation pili involved in

A

DNA transfer from one cell to another

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92
Q

Why are bacterial capsules medically important

A

Capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host.

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93
Q

How do bacteria move?

A

Conjugation, motility, taxis

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94
Q

conjugation

A

the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

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95
Q

what does the cell wall prevent?

A

Prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane

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96
Q

In bacteria, the cell wall is made of

A

peptidoglycan

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97
Q

the cell wall contributes to

A

pathogenicity

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98
Q

Pathogenicity

A

the ability of an organism to cause disease

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99
Q

Peptidoglycan is made of

A

Polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows:
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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100
Q

Row in peptidoglycan are linked by

A

polypeptides

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101
Q

Characteristics of Gram-positive Cell walls

A

1.Thick peptidoglycan
2.Teichoic acids

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102
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A biopolymer consisting of amino acids and carbohydrates, forming the cell wall of most bacteria.

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103
Q

Teichoic acids

A

Bacterial polysaccharide. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria.

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104
Q

Characteristics of gram-negative cell walls

A

1.Thin peptidoglycan
2.Outer membrane
3.Periplasmic space

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105
Q

Function of teichoic acids

A

Carry a negative charge
Regulate movement of cations

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106
Q

Lipoteichoic acid

A

links cell wall to plasma membrane

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107
Q

Wall teichoic acid

A

links the peptidoglycan

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108
Q

What provides antigenic specificity

A

Polysaccharides and teichoic acids

109
Q

Periplasm is located between

A

between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

110
Q

Periplasm of gram-negative cell walls contains

A

peptidoglycan

111
Q

Outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls is made of

A

polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids

112
Q

Gram-Negative Cell walls protect from

A

phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics

113
Q

Made of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Gram-negative cell walls are made of

114
Q

Antigen of gram-negative cell walls

A

O polysaccharide, E. coli O157:H7

115
Q

endotoxin embedded in the top layer of gram-negative cell walls

A

Lipid A is an endotoxin

116
Q

Porins

A

(proteins) form channels through membrane

117
Q

Porins found in

A

Gram-negative cell walls

118
Q

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form inside of

A

cell

119
Q

What happens to gram-positive cells during gram stain?

A

Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave

120
Q

How do gram-positive cells look during gram stain?

A

peptidoglycan forms about 90% of the cell wall in gram-positive bacteria. This causes them to appear blue to purple under a Gram stain.

121
Q

What happens to gram-negative cells during a gram-stain?

A

Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out; cells are colorless
Safranin added to stain cells

122
Q

How do gram-negative cells appear during a gram stain?

A

gram negative bacteria do not retain the crystal violet so they look pink or red after adding safranin

123
Q

gram positive cell walls have two rings in

A

basal body of flagella

124
Q

gram positive cell walls produce

A

exotoxins

125
Q

High susceptibility to penicillin

A

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

126
Q

Disrupted by lysozyme

A

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

127
Q

4 rings in basal body of flagella

A

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

128
Q

Produce endotoxins and exotoxins

A

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

129
Q

Low susceptibility to penicillin

A

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

130
Q

Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

A

Acid-fast cell walls

131
Q

Like gram-positive cell walls

A

Acid-fast cell walls

132
Q

Mycobacterium has what kind of cell walls

A

Acid-fast cell walls

133
Q

Nocardia has what kind of cell wall

A

Acid-fast cell walls

134
Q

What stain do you have to use on acid fast cell walls?

A

Carbolfuschins

135
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

Lack cell walls
& Have Sterols in plasma membrane

136
Q

Archaea walls

A

Wall-less, or
Walls of pseudomurein

137
Q

pseudomurein lacks

A

(lack NAM and D-amino acids)

138
Q

hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan

A

Lysozyme

139
Q

inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan

A

Penicillin

140
Q

is a wall-less gram-positive cell

A

Protoplast

141
Q

is a wall-less gram-negative cell

A

Spheroplast

142
Q

are susceptible to osmotic lysis

A

Protoplasts and spheroplasts

143
Q

are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

A

L forms

144
Q

Why are drugs that target cell wall synthesis useful?

A

to prevent the formation of cell walls in bacteria. Without their cell walls, bacterial cells become very vulnerable to osmotic lysis, which kills them.

145
Q

Why are mycoplasmas resistant to antibiotics that interfere with cell wall synthesis?

A

Mycoplasmas typically do not have cell walls or have little wall material. Therefore, drugs that target cell wall synthesis are not effective against mycoplasmas

146
Q

How do protoplasts differ from L forms?

A

Protoplast: A gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall.

L form: Prokaryotic cells that lack a cell wall; can return to walled state.

147
Q

Phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm

A

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane

148
Q

proteins on the membrane surface

A

Peripheral proteins

149
Q

proteins that penetrate the membrane

A

Integral and transmembrane proteins

150
Q

the _____ ________ of a prokaryotic cell is the main gateway for movement of molecules in and out of a cell

A

cytoplasmic membrane

151
Q

structure of phospholipids

A

phosphate head, glycerol and two fatty acids

152
Q

Charge on phosphate of phospholipids

A

negatively charged

153
Q

hydrophilic part of phospholipids

A

head

154
Q

Hydrophobic part of phospholipids

A

tails

155
Q

span the entire bilayer and act as channels for molecules

A

integral proteins

156
Q

loosely attached to membrane on one side

A

peripheral proteins

157
Q

Proteins bound to a polysaccharide

A

Glycoproteins

158
Q

Glycoproteins may function as

A

recognition sites, enzymes, receptors

159
Q

Membrane is as viscous as olive oil
Proteins move freely for various functions

A

Fluid mosaic model

160
Q

How does the fluid mosaic model allow the plasma membrane to be self-sealing?

A

Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
Self-sealing

161
Q

allows the passage of some molecules, but not others

A

selective permeability

162
Q

chromatophores

A

Some plasma membranes have photosynthetic pigments on foldings

163
Q

_______ ____________Contains enzymes for ATP production

A

plasma membrane

164
Q

Which molecules can pass through cell membrane by passive diffusion?

A

1.water,
2.dissolved oxygen,
3.simple alcohols

165
Q

Which molecules cannot pass directly though cell membrane?

A

Charged molecules and large molecules

166
Q

Which molecules tend to become stuck inside the hydrophobic interior of cell membranes?

A

hydrophobic molecules

167
Q

occurs along EC gradient, Doest require use of ATP

A

passive transport

168
Q

What can cause leakage of cell contents?

A

1.alcohols,
2. ammonium (detergents),
3. polymyxin antibiotics

169
Q

substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy expended

A

passive processes

170
Q

substances move from low concentration to high concentration; energy expended

A

Active processes

171
Q

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

simple diffusion

172
Q

simple diffusion continues until

A

molecules reach equilibrium

173
Q

Facilitated diffusion:

A

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

174
Q

Transports ions and larger molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient

A

Facilitated diffusion

175
Q

permeases

A

allow specific and nonspecific facilitated diffusion

176
Q

nonspecific facilitated diffusion

A

allow wide range of molecules to pass through

177
Q

contain a recognition element

A

specific facilitated diffusion

178
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across semipermeable membrane

179
Q

water channels

A

aquaporins

180
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

181
Q

solute concentrations equal inside and outside of cell; water is at equilibrium

A

isotonic solution

182
Q

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell

A

Hypotonic solution

183
Q

solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside; water moves out of cell

A

Hypertonic solution

184
Q

Group translocation:

A

requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP); substance is altered as it crosses the membrane

185
Q

requires a transporter protein and ATP; goes against gradient

A

Active transport

186
Q

uniport

A

transport only one type of molecule in one direction AGAINST gradient; need ATP

187
Q

antiport proteins

A

transport two types of molecules, but in opposite directions AGAINST their gradients; use ATP

188
Q

Symport molecules

A

transport two different types of molecules at the same time, but is coupled with a uniport channel that uses ATP.

189
Q

Example of antiport protein

A

Na K channel

190
Q

Explain ATP usage in symport proteins

A

the uniport protein uses ATP to pump a molecule out of the cell against its concentration gradient. When that molecule’s concentration outside of the cell is high, it diffuses back through the symport protein into the cell. In the process, it moves another substance back into the cell against its concentration gradient.

191
Q

Which agents can cause injury to the bacterial plasma membrane?

A

1.alcohol,
2. quaternary ammonium (detergents)
3.polymyxin antibiotics

192
Q

How are simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion similar? How are they different?

A

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both don’t require energy to function. simple diffusion doesn’t need a protein to happen, while facilitated diffusion does.

193
Q

The substance inside the plasma membrane
Eighty percent water plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and ions

A

Cytoplasm

194
Q

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules that provide support and movement for eukaryotic cytoplasm.

A

cytoskeleton

195
Q

Bacterial chromosome

A

circular thread of DNA that contains the cell’s genetic information

196
Q

Plasmids

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry non-crucial genes (e.g., antibiotic resistance, production of toxins)

197
Q

Ribosomes made of

A

protein and ribosomal RNA

198
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

199
Q

70 S

A

ribosomes

200
Q

measurements of ribosomal subunits

A

50S+ 30S

201
Q

Metachromatic granules (volutin)—

A

phosphate reserves

202
Q

Polysaccharide granules

A

energy reserves

203
Q

Lipid inclusions

A

energy reserves

204
Q

Sulfur granules

A

energy reserves

205
Q

Carboxysomes

A

RuBisCO enzyme for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis

206
Q

Gas vacuoles

A

protein-covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy

207
Q

Magnetosomes

A

iron oxide inclusions; destroy H2O2

208
Q

Endospores

A

Resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted

209
Q

Endospores are resistant to

A

1.desiccation,
2.heat,
3.chemicals,
4.radiation

210
Q

Endospores are produced by

A

Bacillus and Clostridium

211
Q

Sporulation

A

endospore formation

212
Q

Germination

A

endospore returns to vegetative state

213
Q

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

A

in the nucleoid

214
Q

What is the general function of inclusions?

A

Reserve materials

215
Q

Under what conditions do endospores form?

A

Endospores usually form under conditions where resources are limited or depleted, particularly key nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen sources.

216
Q

Differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella

A

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella are different in that eukaryotic flagella possess microtubules made up of tubulin. In contrast, prokaryotic flagella are made up of flagellin.

217
Q

long projections; few in number

A

Flagella

218
Q

short projections; numerous

A

cilia

219
Q

Flagella and cilia both consist of

A

microtubules made of the protein tubulin

220
Q

Microtubules are organized as

A

9 pairs in a ring, plus 2 microtubules in the center (9 + 2 array)

221
Q

Allow flagella to move in a wavelike manner

A

microtubules

222
Q

Cell wall
Found in

A

plants, algae, and fungi

223
Q

Made of carbohydrates (cellulose—plants, chitin—fungi, glucan and mannan—yeasts)

A

cell wall

224
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane

225
Q

Glycocalyx Found in _______ cells

A

animal

226
Q

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic plasma membranes.

A

1.Similar in structure to prokaryotic cell membranes
-Phospholipid bilayer
Integral and peripheral proteins
-Selective permeability
-Simple diffusion,
-facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport

Differences in structure
Sterols—complex lipids
Carbohydrates—for attachment and cell-to-cell recognition
Differences in function

-Endocytosis—phagocytosis and pinocytosis
-Phagocytosis: pseudopods extend and engulf particles
-Pinocytosis: membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

227
Q

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasms.

A

1.The cytoplasm of prokaryotes has a cytoskeleton, but its not capable of cytoplasmic streaming,
2. Eukaryotic cytoplasm has a cytoskeleton and exhibits cytoplasmic streaming.

228
Q

The three basic bacterial shapes are

A

coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spiral (twisted).

229
Q

Cytoplasm

A

substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus

230
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid portion of cytoplasm

231
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments; gives shape and support

232
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of the cytoplasm throughout a cell

233
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

234
Q

80 S

A

Ribosomes

235
Q

Consists of the large 60S subunit and the small 40S subunit

A

Ribosomes

236
Q

ribosomes that are 80S

A

Membrane-bound: attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Free: in cytoplasm

237
Q

Ribosomes that are 70 S

A

In chloroplasts and mitochondria

238
Q

The antibiotic erythromycin binds with the 50S portion of a ribosome. What effect does this have on a prokaryotic cell? On a eukaryotic cell

A

Erythromycin will affect the activity of ribosomes (interrupting protein synthesis) in prokaryotic cells since their ribosomes contain the 50S subunit. However, it will not affect eukaryotic ribosomes since they do not contain the 50S subunit.

239
Q

nucleus

A

Double membrane structure (nuclear envelope) that contains the cell’s DNA

240
Q

nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane structure

241
Q

DNA is complexed with histone proteins to form

A

chromatin

242
Q

During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin condenses into

A

chromosomes

243
Q

Folded transport network

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

244
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes; sites of protein synthesis

245
Q

Smooth ER:

A

no ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones

246
Q

Golgi complex

A

Transport organelle
Modifies proteins from the ER

247
Q

Transports modified proteins via secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane

A

Golgi complex

248
Q

Lysosomes formed in

A

Golgi complex

249
Q

Lysosomes

A

1.Vesicles formed in the Golgi complex
2.Contain digestive enzymes

250
Q

Vacuoles

A

Cavities in the cell formed from the Golgi complex

251
Q

Function of vacuoles

A

Bring food into cells; provide shape and storage

252
Q

organelle with double membrane

A

mitochondria

253
Q

cristae of mitochondria

A

inner folds

254
Q

fluid of mitochondria

A

matrix

255
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Involved in cellular respiration (ATP production)

256
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Locations of photosynthesis

257
Q

chloroplasts contain

A

flattened membranes (thylakoids) that contain chlorophyll

258
Q

peroxisomes

A

Oxidize fatty acids; destroy H2O2

259
Q

Centrosomes

A

Networks of protein fibers and centrioles

260
Q

Function of centrosomes

A

Form the mitotic spindle; critical role in cell division

261
Q

Compare the structure of the nucleus of a eukaryote and the nucleoid of a prokaryote.

A

nucleus- enclosed men within the cel containing the genetic material
nucleoid- nucleus-like, irregular shaped region in prokaryotes

262
Q

4-19 How do rough and smooth ER compare structurally and functionally

A

Smooth ER is more tubular (less sacs) and there are no ribosomes on its outer side. Rough ER modifies proteins giving them 3D structure and tagging them – addressing where the vesicles should take them. RER is the sole producer of membrane proteins.

263
Q

First eukaryotes evolved __.__ billion years ago

A

2.5

264
Q

Life arose as simple organisms . to _ billion years ago

A

3.5 to 4

265
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes

266
Q

Ingested photosynthetic bacteria became

A

chloroplasts

267
Q

Ingested aerobic bacteria became

A

mitochondria

268
Q

Which three organelles are not associated with the Golgi complex? What does this suggest about their origin?

A

The Golgi complex is not associated with the mitochondria, chloroplast, or flagella. This suggests that the Golgi complex may have originated from another cellular structure inside the cell and not from a symbiotic bacterium. Golgi complex did not originate from bacterial symbiosis.

269
Q

Protoplast

A

Wall-less gram-positive cell

270
Q

Protoplast

A

Wall-less gram-positive cell

271
Q

Spheroplast

A

is a wall-less gram-negative cell

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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