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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 17 > Flashcards

Chap 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

defenses that target a specific pathogen

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2
Q

adaptive immunity is acquired through

A

infection or vaccination

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3
Q

Primary response

A

first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

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4
Q

Secondary response

A

later interactions with the same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to “memory”

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5
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Produces antibodies that combat foreign molecules known as antigens

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6
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that are created and mature in red bone marrow

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7
Q

B cells functions

A

Recognize antigens and make antibodies

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8
Q

B cells named for

A

Named for bursa of Fabricius in birds

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9
Q

Cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity) produces

A

T lymphocytes

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10
Q

T lymphocytes function

A

Recognize antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells

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11
Q

T lymphocytes mature in the

A

Thymus

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12
Q

T cell receptors (TCRs) located on

A

T cell surface

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13
Q

TCRs function

A

contact antigens, causing the T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies

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14
Q

Pluripotent stem cells develop in

A

the red bone marrow or fetal liver

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15
Q

Stem cell

A

diverges into
two cell lines

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16
Q

Thymus

A

Differentiate to
T cells in thymus

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17
Q

Migrate to lymphoid
tissue such as spleen,
but especially lymph
nodes

A

both B and T cells

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18
Q

Differentiate to
B cells in

A

adult bone marrow

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19
Q

Cellular immunity attacks antigens that have already

A

entered cells

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20
Q

Cellular immunity attacks antigens that have already entered cells such as

A

some intracellular bacteria such as M. leprae and L. monocytogenes; viruses

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21
Q

Humoral immunity fights

A

invaders and threats outside cells

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22
Q

Humoral immunity fights invaders and threats outside cells such as

A

1.Extracellular bacteria and toxins
2.Viruses before they enter a host cell

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23
Q

Cytokines

A

chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus

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24
Q

Interleukins (ILs)

A

cytokines between leukocytes

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25
Q

Chemokines

A

induce migration of leukocytes

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26
Q

Interferons (IFNs)

A

interfere with viral infections of host cells

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27
Q

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)

A

involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases

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28
Q

Hematopoietic cytokines

A

control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

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29
Q

Overproduction of cytokines leads to a

A

cytokine storm

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30
Q

Antigens

A

substances that cause the production of antibodies

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31
Q

Usually components of invading microbes or foreign substances

A

Antigens

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32
Q

Antibodies interact with

A

epitopes, or antigenic determinants, on the antigen

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33
Q

Haptens

A

antigens too small to provoke immune responses; attach to carrier molecules

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34
Q

Hapten-carrier conjugate

A

hapten molecules+ carrier molecules

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35
Q

Globular proteins called

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

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36
Q

Valence

A

is the number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody

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37
Q

Bivalent antibodies have two

A

binding sites

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38
Q

Four protein chains form a

A

Y-shape

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39
Q

Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains joined by

A

disulfide links

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40
Q

Variable (v) regions are at the ends of

A

the arms; bind epitopes

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41
Q

Constant (Fc) region is the

A

stem, which is identical for a particular Ig class

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42
Q

Five classes of Ig

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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43
Q

IgG is a type of

A

monomer

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44
Q

80% of serum antibodies

A

IgG

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45
Q

IgG found in

A

blood, lymph, and intestine

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46
Q

Cross the placenta and protect the fetus; trigger complement; enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses

A

functions of IgG

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47
Q

Functions of IgG

A
  1. Cross the placenta and protect the fetus;
  2. trigger complement;
  3. enhance phagocytosis;
  4. neutralize toxins and viruses
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48
Q

Pentamer made of five monomers held with a J chain

A

IgM

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49
Q

6% of serum antibodies

A

IgM

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50
Q

Remain in blood vessels

A

IgM

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51
Q

Cause clumping of cells and viruses

A

IgM

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52
Q

First response to an infection; short-lived

A

IgM

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53
Q

Monomer in serum; dimer in secretions

A

IgA

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54
Q

13% of serum antibodies

A

IgA

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55
Q

Common in mucous membranes, saliva, tears, and breast milk

A

IgA

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56
Q

Prevent microbial attachment to mucous membranes

A

IgA

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57
Q

Monomer
0.02% of serum antibodies

A

IgD

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58
Q

Structure similar to IgG

A

IgD

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59
Q

In blood, in lymph, and on B cells

A

IgD

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60
Q

No well-defined function; assists in the immune response on B cells

A

IgD

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61
Q

Monomer
0.002% of serum antibodies

A

IgE

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62
Q

On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood

A

IgE

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63
Q

Cause the release of histamines when bound to antigen; lysis of parasitic worms

A

IgE

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64
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes encode

A

molecules on the cell surface

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65
Q

Class I MHC are on the membrane of

A

nucleated animal cells

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66
Q

Class I MHC identify

A

self

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67
Q

Class II MHC are on the surface of

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including B cells

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68
Q

Inactive B cells contain surface Ig that

A

bind to antigen

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69
Q

B cell internalizes and

A

processes antigen

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70
Q

Antigen fragments are displayed on

A

MHC class II molecules

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71
Q

T helper cell (TH) contacts

A

the displayed antigen fragment and releases cytokines that activate B cells

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72
Q

B cell undergoes proliferation

A

clonal expansion

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73
Q

Activation of B Cells to Produce Antibodies step 1

A

APC receptors
recognize and
attach to antigen.

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74
Q

Activation of B Cells to Produce Antibodies step 2

A

Antigen is
phagocytized and
digested

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75
Q

Activation of B Cells to Produce Antibodies step 3

A

Antigen fragments are
displayed on the B cell
surface, attracting a
matching T helper cell.

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76
Q

Activation of B Cells to Produce Antibodies step 4

A

T helper cell
secretes cytokines,
activating a B cell.

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77
Q

Activation of B Cells to Produce Antibodies step 5

A

The activated B cell begins
clonal expansion, producing an
army of antibody-producing
plasma cells and memory cells
(not shown).

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78
Q

Clonal Selection and Differentiation of B Cells step 1

A

Stem cells differentiate into mature B cells,
each bearing surface immunoglobulins
against a specific antigen.

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79
Q

Clonal Selection and Differentiation of B Cells step 2

A

B cell II encounters its specific antigen
and proliferates.

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80
Q

Clonal Selection and Differentiation of B Cells step 3

A

Some B cells proliferate into long-lived
memory cells, which at a later date can be
stimulated to become antibody-
producing plasma cells.

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81
Q

Clonal Selection and Differentiation of B Cells step 4

A

Other B cells proliferate
into antibody-producing
plasma cells.

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82
Q

Clonal Selection and Differentiation of B Cells step 5

A

Plasma cells secrete antibodies
into circulation.

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83
Q

T-dependent antigen

A

Antigen that requires a TH cell to produce antibodies

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84
Q

T-independent antigens stimulate

A

the B cell without the help of T cells

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85
Q

T-independent antigens provoke

A

a weak immune response, usually producing IgM

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86
Q

T-independent antigens do not generate which cells?

A

memory cells

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87
Q

T-independent antigen is which type of molecule?

A

polysaccharide

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88
Q

17-10 On what part of the antibody molecule do we find the amino acid sequence that makes the huge genetic diversity of antibody production possible?

A

variable region

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89
Q

An antigen–antibody complex forms when

A

antibodies bind to antigens

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90
Q

affinity

A

strength of the bond in antigen-antibody complex

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91
Q

how does the antigen-antibody complex protect the host?

A

Protects the host by tagging foreign molecules or cells for destruction

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92
Q

What happens after the antigen antibody complex is formed?

A

1.Agglutination
2.Opsonization
3.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
4. Neutralization
5.Activation of the complement system

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93
Q

results of agglutination

A

Reduces number of infectious
units to be dealt with

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94
Q

Results of opsonization

A

Coating antigen with antibody
enhances phagocytosis

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95
Q

results of Neutralization

A

1.Blocks adhesion of bacteria
and viruses to mucosa

  1. Blocks attachment
    of toxin
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96
Q

Results of Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

A

Antibodies attached to target cell
cause destruction by macrophages,
eosinophils, and NK cells

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97
Q

Results of activation of complement

A

Causes inflammation and cell lysis

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98
Q

T cells combat

A

intracellular pathogens

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99
Q

Thymic selection

A

eliminates immature T cells

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100
Q

T cells migrate from

A

thymus to lymphoid tissues

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101
Q

T cells attach to antigens via

A

T-cell receptors (TCRs)

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102
Q

Pathogens entering the gastrointestinal tract pass through

A

microfold cells (M cells)

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103
Q

M cells located over

A

Peyer’s patches

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104
Q

Microfold cells

A

Cells that take up and transfer antigens to lymphocytes, on Peyer’s patches.

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105
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Lymphoid organs on the intestinal wall

106
Q

Transfer antigens to lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Peyer’s patches

107
Q

M cells and epithelial cells form specialized
tissue structures called

A

Peyer’s patches

108
Q

There are closely packed microvilli on the epithelial cells surrounding

A

Peyer’s patches

109
Q

M cells facilitate contact between

A

antigens passing through the intestinal
tract and cells of the body’s immune system.

110
Q

Dendritic cells (DCs)

A

Engulf and degrade microbes and display them toT cells

111
Q

Dendritic cells found in

A

skin, genital tract, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and blood

112
Q

Macrophages activated by

A

cytokines or the ingestion of antigenic material

113
Q

Macrophages migrate to

A

the lymph tissue, presenting antigen to T cells

114
Q

Clusters of differentiation

A

CD

115
Q

CD4+

A

T helper cells (TH)

116
Q

What do CD4+ T helper cells do?

A

Cytokine signaling with B cells; interact directly with antigens

117
Q

CD4+ Bind

A

MHC class II molecules on B cells and APCs

118
Q

CD8+

A

Cytoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
Bind MHC class I molecules

119
Q

TCR on the TH cell recognize and bind to

A

the antigen fragment and MHC class II on APC

120
Q

APC or TH secretes a

A

costimulatory molecule, activating the TH cell

121
Q

TH cells produce cytokines and differentiate into

A

TH1,TH2,TH17, memory cells

122
Q

Activation of CD4+ T Helper Cells step 1

A

An APC encounters and ingests a microorganism. The antigen is enzymatically processed into short peptides, which combine with MHC class II molecules and are displayed on the surface of
the APC.

123
Q

Activation of CD4+ T Helper Cells step 2

A

A receptor (TCR) on the surface of the CD4+ T helper cell (TH cell) binds to the MHC–antigen complex. The
TH cell or APC is stimulated to secrete a costimulatory molecule. These two signals activate the TH cell, which produces cytokines.

124
Q

Activation of CD4+ T Helper Cells step 3

A

The cytokines cause the TH cell (which recognizes a dendritic cell
that is producing costimulatory molecules) to become activated.

125
Q

TH 17 cells produce

A

IL-17 and contribute to inflammation

126
Q

TH1 cells produce

A

IFN-y

127
Q

IFN-Y activates

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Complement
  3. Antibody production (phag)

macrophages, enhances complement, and stimulates antibody production that promotes phagocytosis

128
Q

TH2 cells release

A

IL-4 cytokine

129
Q

IL-4 cytokine activates

A

B cells to produce IgE; activate eosinophils

130
Q

secrete cytokines that
promote inflammatory responses;
recruit neutrophils for protection
against extracellular bacteria
and fungi

A

TH 17 cells

131
Q

Important in allergic responses,
especially by production of IgE.
Activate eosinophils to control
extracellular parasites such as
helminths (see ADCC discussion).

A

IL4 TH2 cells

132
Q

cytokines (such as IFN-γ and IL-2) activate CD8+ T cells and NK cells, which control intracellular pathogens by killing infected host cells. They also enhance phagocytosis by antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages.

A

TH1

133
Q

T regulatory cells

A

Lymphocytes that appear to suppress other T cells

134
Q

Subset of ​CD4+ cells; carry an additional CD25 molecule

A

T regulatory cells

135
Q

functions of T regulatory cells

A

1.Suppress T cells against self;
2.protect intestinal bacteria required for digestion;
3.protect fetus

136
Q

Precursor T cytotoxic cells (CTLp) are activated to become

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

137
Q

Activated into cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) with the help of

A

TH cells and costimulatory signals

138
Q

CTLs recognize and

A

kill self-cells altered by infection

139
Q

Self-cells carry

A

endogenous antigens

140
Q

endogenous antigens are carried on

A

surface presented with MHC class I molecules.

141
Q

endogenous antigens

A

(1) infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen from an individual’s own normal microbiota. (2) Surface antigens on human cells produced as a result of infection.

142
Q

CTL releases ________ and __________ that induce apoptosis in the infected cell

A

perforin and granzymes

143
Q

releases perforin and granzymes that induce apoptosis in the infected cell

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes​ (CD8+ T Cells)

144
Q

A normal cell will not trigger a response
by a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), but

A

a
virus-infected cell or a cancer
cell produces abnormal endogenous antigens

145
Q

The abnormal antigen is presented on
the cell surface in association with

A

MHC
class I molecules.

146
Q

Binding of a TH1 cell
promotes

A

secretion of cytokines

147
Q

cytokines activate a
precursor CTL (CTLp),
which

A

produces a clone
of CTLs.

148
Q

CTL induces destruction of

A

virus-infected cell by apoptosis.

149
Q

What prevents the spread of infectious viruses into other cells?

A

Apoptosis

150
Q

During apoptosis, cells cut their genome into

A

fragments, causing the membranes to bulge outward via blebbing

151
Q

Blebbing

A

bulging of plasma membranes as the cell dies

152
Q

Natural Killer cells kill which cells?

A

Granular leukocytes destroy cells that don’t express MHC class I self-antigens

153
Q

function of NK cells

A

Kill virus-infected and tumor cells and attack parasites

154
Q

NK cells not always stimulated by

A

an antigen

155
Q

NK cells form pores in the target cells leading to

A

lysis or apoptosis

156
Q

Activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity; macrophages, CTLs, and natural killer cells

A

TH1 (THelper)

157
Q

Stimulates production of eosinophils, IgM and IgE

A

T Helper TH2 cell

158
Q

Recruits neutrophils; stimulates production of antimicrobial proteins

A

T helper TH17 cell

159
Q

Destroys target cells on contact by inducing apoptosis

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte CTL

160
Q

Regulates immune response and helps maintain self-tolerance

A

T regulatory cell

161
Q

Enhanced phagocytic activity; attacks cancer cells

A

Activated macrophage

162
Q

Attacks and destroys target cells; participates in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxcicity

A

Natural Killer cell (NK)

163
Q

are too large to be phagocytized

A

Protozoans and helminths

164
Q

Protozoan or helminth target cell is coated with

A

antibodies

165
Q

Immune system cells attach to which region of antibodies?

A

Fc regions of antibodies

166
Q

Target cell is lysed by chemicals secreted by

A

the immune system cell

167
Q

Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity

A

The killing of antibody-coated cells by natural killer cells and leukocytes.

168
Q

too large for ingestion by phagocytic cells must be attacked externally

A

organisms and many parasites

169
Q

Occurs after the second exposure to an antigen

A

Secondary (memory or anamnestic) response

170
Q

Class switching

A

where initial IgM response shifts to IgG, IgE, or IgA, occurs

171
Q

More rapid, lasts many days, greater in magnitude

A

Secondary (memory or anamnestic) response

172
Q

Memory cells produced in response to the initial exposure are activated by the

A

secondary exposure

173
Q

Antibody titer

A

relative amount of antibody in the serum

174
Q

Antibody titer reflects

A

intensity of the humoral response

175
Q

Resulting from infection

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

176
Q

Transplacental or via colostrum

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

177
Q

Injection of vaccination (immunization)

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

178
Q

Injection of antibodies

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

179
Q

The serum fraction containing immunoglobulins (antibodies); also called immune serum globulin.

A

gamma globulin

180
Q

Gamma globulin

A

The serum fraction containing immunoglobulins (antibodies); also called immune serum globulin.

181
Q

Control of freely circulating pathogens

A

humoral adaptive immunity

182
Q

control of intracellular pathogens

A

Cellular immune system

183
Q

Humoral immunity also called

A

antibody-mediated immunity

184
Q

Humoral immunity is directed at

A

Freely circulating pathogens and depends on B cells

185
Q

Cellular immunity, also called cell-mediated immunity, depends on

A

T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens, reject foreign tissue, destroy tumor cells

186
Q

The adaptive immune system provides

A

specificity, clonal expansion, and memory

187
Q

Examples of innate nonspecific defenses

A
  1. first line (skin and mucous membranes)
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. inflammation
  4. complement system
188
Q

Two main divisions of adaptive defense

A

humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity

189
Q

Humoral immune response

A

consists of B cells, and the antibodies they produce

190
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

fights intracellular pathogens and cancer cells

191
Q

protagonists of cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

192
Q

types of T lymphocytes

A
  1. Helper T cells
  2. Cytotoxic T cells
193
Q

secrete cytokines to activate other cells of the immune system

A

Helper T cells

194
Q

Attack infected cells directly

A

cytotoxic T cells

195
Q

the innate and adaptive immune system are interdependent, meaning

A

they work together to carry out host defenses

196
Q

Humoral immune response

A

Activity of B cells and the antibodies they produce

197
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

certain phagocytic cells of the immune system, show what is captured

198
Q

Infected cell needs to show that it was

A

infected

199
Q

Antigen processing and presentation

A

is a way for a cell to display information about its activities

200
Q

The process of B cell activation is called

A

clonal selection

201
Q

What happens during clonal selection?

A

B cell with a specific antigen receptor recognizes an antigen.

202
Q

The B cell with the specific antigen proliferates to

A

a clone of cells with the same specificity. a lot of cells with the same specificity

203
Q

The clones of B cells differentiate into

A

memory B cells and plasma cells

204
Q

clonal expansion

A

making a lot of cell copies to fight a specific pathogen

205
Q

plasma cells make

A

antibodies with several functions

206
Q

The antibodies bind to antigens to produce the

A

humoral response

207
Q

in the simplest form of B cell activation, an antigen called a T-independent antigen

A

enters the lymphatic tissues and binds to a B cell receptor on the surface of a B cell

208
Q

B cell receptors on a particular B cell are identical and very specific to

A

just one antigen

209
Q

once the BCR binds to the T-independent antigen, the B cell becomes

A

activated

210
Q

When the B cell becomes activated, it is ready to

A

proliferate

211
Q

most antigens are not potent enough to activate B cells themselves, so

A

the B cell will require a second opinion from a helper T cell to activate

212
Q

T dependent antigens

A

B cell that needs second opinion from helper T cell to become activated

213
Q

The helper T cell recognizes the antigen as its presented by the B cell and secretes

A

cytokines to tell the B cell to become activated

214
Q

What happens to the B cell once it becomes activated?

A

it proliferates making a clone of cells specific to the same antigen

215
Q

some B cells differentiate into

A

long-lived memory B cells

216
Q

Most B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells that secrete antibodies against the antigen that activated them

217
Q

Antibodies can enter the blood stream and travel throughout

A

the body

218
Q

Plasma cells only live for

A

a few days

219
Q

Each plasma cell makes approximately how many antibodies per second

A

2000, enormous quantities of circulating antibodies

220
Q

The antibodies produced by plasma cells have several

A

functions

221
Q

Since each antibody has at least two antigen binding sites,

A

antibodies can bind to more than one microbial cell, resulting in agglutination, or clumping

222
Q

helps remove microorganisms from the body

A

Agglutination

223
Q

neutralize toxins, viruses and bacteria

A

antibodies

224
Q

How do antibodies neutralize toxins, viruses and bacteria

A

by binding to critical portions of the toxin, or blocking proteins necessary for attachment to cells.

225
Q

antibodies also act as _______ for phagocytosis

A

opsonins

226
Q

can activate the complement system

A

antibodies

227
Q

Have two classes of special proteins used to present antigens on their surfaces

A

APCs such as macrophages and dendritic cells

228
Q

MHC

A

proteins used to present antigens on surfaces of APCs

229
Q

Class I MHC proteins

A

used to present antigens produced within the cell

230
Q

MHC II proteins

A

used to present antigens engulfed by antigen presenting cells

231
Q

Most of the other cells in the body, including infected cells are also able to

A

present antigens

232
Q

Most of the other cells in the body, including infected cells are also able to present antigens, however, these cells only have the

A

Class I MHC proteins

233
Q

Each cytotoxic T cell produces a unique

A

T cell receptor which corresponds to a specific antigen

234
Q

Each cytotoxic T cell also produces a receptor called

A

CD8

235
Q

function of CD8

A

recognizes the MHC molecules of infected cells

236
Q

When a cytotoxic T-cell encounters an infected cell with the specific antigen bound in an MHC molecule

A

the cytotoxic T cell produces receptors for IL-2 and other cytokines, and IFN-Y

237
Q

The cytotoxic T cell can ten be activated by

A

cytokines from activated helper T cells

238
Q

What happens when a cytotoxic T-cell becomes activated,

A

it proliferates, forming a clone of cells specific to the same antigen

239
Q

some of these cytotoxic T cells differentiate into

A

long lived memory cells

240
Q

Most cytotoxic T cells differentiate into

A

mature T cells and attack and destroy infected cells

241
Q

cytotoxic T cells can destroy infected cells through multiple

A

pathways

242
Q

perforin-granzyme cytotoxic pathway

A

when the cytotoxic T cell encounters an infected cell with the target antigen bound in an MHC molecule, the T cell secreted two types of proteins called perforin and granzyme

243
Q

perforin forms a

A

pore in the membrane of the target cell, allowing granzyme to enter the cell.

244
Q

granzyme activates

A

enzymes inside the cell leading to apoptosis

245
Q

the humoral immune response experiences periods of

A

ramping up and gradual diminishing in response to a foreign invader

246
Q

after the first exposure to an antigen, there is a lag period in which

A

the exposed person’s serum does not contain any detectable antibodies

247
Q

after several days, the concentration of antibodies slowly

A

rises

248
Q

after slowly rising, there is a gradual ________ of antibodies

A

decline

249
Q

if memory b cells become stimulated by the original antigen, even years later

A

They rapidly produce antibody-secreting plasma cells

250
Q

epitopes,

A

or antigenic determinants, on the antigen

251
Q

Where to find IgA ?

A

1.mucous membranes,
2.saliva,
3.tears
4. breast milk

252
Q

Where to find IgD ?

A

In blood, in lymph, and on B cells

253
Q

IgE location

A

1.mast cells,
2.basophils,
3. blood

254
Q

IgD function

A

No well-defined function; assists in the immune response on B cells

255
Q

Function of IgM

A
  1. Clumping of cells and viruses
  2. First response to infection
  3. Remain in blood vessels
256
Q

Function of IgA

A

Prevent microbial attachment to mucous membranes

257
Q

IgE function

A
  1. Releases histamine
  2. lysis of parasitic worms
258
Q

Cytoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
Bind MHC class ___ molecules

A

I

259
Q

Why do macrophages migrate to lymph tissue?

A

To present antigen to T cells

260
Q

What causes endogenous antigens?

A
  1. Opportunistic normal microbes
  2. Antigens made by infection

infection caused by an opportunistic pathogen from an individual’s own normal microbiota. (2) Surface antigens on human cells produced as a result of infection.

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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