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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 2 > Flashcards

Chap 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the smallest component of a substance that CANNOT be divided into smaller substances without losing its properties?

A

Atom

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2
Q

The nucleus contains

A

protons and neutrons.

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3
Q

Atoms with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei are called

A

isotopes.

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4
Q

How many electrons can be held in the second shell?

A

8

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5
Q

An isotope of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic weight of 18. How many neutrons does it have?

A

10

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6
Q

Which type of bond is weak and does NOT bind atoms into molecules?

A

Hydrogen bond

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7
Q

The number of extra or missing electrons in an atom’s outermost electron shell is called the atom’s

A

valence

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8
Q

A bond formed from the attraction between ions of opposite charge is called a(n)

A

ionic bond

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9
Q

A molecule that contains at least two different kinds of atoms is called a(n)

A

compound

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10
Q

Which of the following is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms to fill an electron shell?

A

Covalent bond

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11
Q

Water has an unequal distribution of charges and is called a(n)

A

polar molecule

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12
Q

Which one of the following does NOT correctly describe inorganic compounds?
a)Usually small
b)Structurally simple
c)Contain carbon
d)Include salts, acids, and bases

A

Contain carbon

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13
Q

A compound that helps keep the pH from changing drastically is

A

Buffer

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14
Q

MOST microbes grow best at a pH from

A

6.5-8.5

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15
Q

A substance that dissociates into H+ and Cl– in water is an example of a(n)

A

acid

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16
Q

In a decomposition reaction (also known as hydrolysis), sucrose can be broken down into

A

glucose and fructose

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17
Q

The following is an example of what type of reaction? AB + CD → AD + BC

A

Exchange reaction

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18
Q

Endergonic reactions ALWAYS

A

absorb more energy than they release.

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19
Q

In a synthesis reaction,

A

atoms, ions, or molecules are combined to form a larger molecule.

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20
Q

In a decomposition reaction

A

a larger molecule is broken down into smaller parts.

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21
Q

Which of the following are the “building blocks” of proteins?

A

amino acids

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22
Q

Which of the following are purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

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23
Q

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is NOT found in an RNA molecule?

A

Thymine

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24
Q

Why do saturated fats become solid more easily than unsaturated fats?

A

They are straight chains and pack more tightly together.

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25
Q

Glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are examples of

A

polysaccharides

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26
Q

Which level of protein structure refers to the overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain?

A

tertiary structure

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27
Q

Chemistry

A

is the study of interactions between atoms and molecules

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28
Q

the smallest unit of matter and cannot be subdivided into smaller substances

A

atom

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29
Q

atoms interact to form

A

molecules

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30
Q

negatively charged particles

A

electrons

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31
Q

positively charged particles

A

protons

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32
Q

uncharged particles

A

neutrons

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33
Q

Atoms with the same number of protons are classified as the same

A

chemical element

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34
Q

Each different chemical element has a different number of

A

protons

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35
Q

atomic number

A

: number of protons in the nucleus

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36
Q

is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

A

Atomic mass

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37
Q

of an element are atoms with different numbers of neutrons

A

Isotopes

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38
Q

are the most abundant chemical elements in living Organisms.

A

Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen

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39
Q

Electrons are arranged in _______ ________corresponding to different energy levels

A

Electron shells

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40
Q

Atoms form molecules by combining to fill their

A

outermost shells

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41
Q

Molecules hold together because the valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces, called

A

chemical bonds, between the atomic nuclei

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42
Q

is a molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms

A

compound

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43
Q

The number of protons and electrons are _______ in an atom

A

equal

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44
Q

are charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

A

ions

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45
Q

are atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions

A

cations

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46
Q

are atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged ions

A

anions

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47
Q

attractions between ions of opposite charge

A

ionic bonds

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48
Q

form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

A

covalent bonds

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49
Q

are stronger and more common in organisms than ionic bonds

A

covalent bonds

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50
Q

form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

A

Hydrogen bonds

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51
Q

molecular mass

A

The sum of the atomic masses in a molecule

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52
Q

One mole of a substance is

A

its molecular mass in grams

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53
Q

The unit of molecular mass is a

A

dalton (da)

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54
Q

involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

A

chemical reactions

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55
Q

A change in _______ _______ occurs during a chemical reaction

A

chemical energy

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56
Q

reactions that absorb energy

A

endergonic

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57
Q

reactions release energy

A

exergonic

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58
Q

Occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules

A

synthesis reactions

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59
Q

is the synthesis of molecules in a cell

A

Anabolism

60
Q

Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms

A

decomposition reactions

61
Q

is decomposition reactions in a cell

A

catabolism

62
Q

Are part synthesis and part decomposition

A

exchange reactions

63
Q

The Reversibility of Chemical Reactions

A

Can readily go in either direction
Each direction may need special conditions

64
Q

Organic compounds

A

always contain carbon and hydrogen; typically structurally complex

65
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

typically lack carbon; usually small and structurally simple

66
Q

important characteristics of water

A

1.Polar molecule
2. Solvent
3. Hydrogen bonds absorb heat

67
Q

Is water organic or inorganic?

A

inorganic

68
Q

What does it mean for water to be a polar molecule?

A

Unequal distribution of charges

69
Q

What does it mean for water to be a solvent?

A

Polar substances undergo dissociation in water, forming solutes

70
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds in water important?

A

Hydrogen bonds absorb heat
Temperature buffer

71
Q

Acids

A

Substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions

72
Q

Bases

A

Substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions

73
Q

Salts

A

Substances that dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which is
H+ or OH-

74
Q

The concentration of H+ in a solution is expressed as

A

pH

75
Q

pH formula

A

pH=-log10[H+]

76
Q

Increasing H+ increases

A

acidity

77
Q

Increasing OH- increases

A

alkalinity

78
Q

Most organisms grow best between which pH?

A

6.5-8.5

79
Q

Why is the polarity of a water molecule important?

A

Makes it a good solvent

Gives it ability for hydrogen bonding which lets it absorb a lot of heat

80
Q

carbon skeleton

A

The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is the

81
Q

bond to carbon skeletons and are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound

A

functional groups

82
Q

In an aldehyde, C===O is at the end of a molecule, vs a ketone where

A

in a ketone C===O is internal

83
Q

Identify the functional groups in an amino acid

A

NH2 amine group
COOH carboxyl group

84
Q

are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules called monomers

A

macromolecules

85
Q

Monomers join by

A

dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions

86
Q

Serve as cell structures and cellular energy sources
Include sugars and starches

A

carbohydrates

87
Q

Carbohydrates consist of

A

C, H, and O

88
Q

Formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

89
Q

True or false: many carbohydrates are isomers

A

True

90
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with same chemical formula, but different structures

91
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms

92
Q

examples of common monosaccharides

A

Glucose and deoxyribose

93
Q

are formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

A

Disaccharides

94
Q

Disaccharides can be broken down by

A

Hydrolysis

95
Q

consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

A

Polysaccharides

96
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen, dextran, and cellulose are polymers of glucose that differ in their bonding and function

97
Q

Examples of dissacharides

A

sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

98
Q

Primary components of cell membranes
Consist of C, H, and O
Are nonpolar and insoluble in water

A

lipids

99
Q

Simples lipids

A

Fats or triglycerides

100
Q

Simple lipids contain

A

Contain glycerol and fatty acids;

101
Q

Simple lipids are formed by

A

formed by dehydration synthesis

102
Q

Saturated fat

A

no double bonds in the fatty acids

103
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

one or more double bonds in the fatty acids

104
Q

Cis

A

H atoms on the same side of the double bond

105
Q

Trans

A

H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond

106
Q

Complex lipids contain

A

Contain C, H, and O + P, N, and/or S

107
Q

Cell membranes are made of complex lipids called

A

Phospholipids

108
Q

Structure of phospholipids

A

Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

109
Q

Regions of phospholipids

A

Phospholipids have polar as well as nonpolar regions

110
Q

Four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring

A

Steroids

111
Q

Part of membranes that keep the membranes fluid

A

Steroids

112
Q

How do simple lipids differ from complex lipids?

A

simple lipids aka triglycerides contain glycerol and fatty acids and are formed by dehydration synthesis (saturated, unsaturated, cis, trans). complex lipids ARE AMPHIPATHIC and contain c h o (and n or p or S) and are made up of glycerol two fatty acids and a phosphate (phospholipid)

113
Q

Which elements make up proteins?

A

Made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

114
Q

Functions of proteins

A

essential for cell structure and function

1.Enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
2. Transporters across cell membrane
3. Flagella
4.toxins and cell structures

115
Q

subunit of proteins

A

aminoacids

116
Q

Amino acids contain an alpha-carbon that has an attached:

A
  1. Carboxyl group -COOH
  2. Amino group NH2
    3.side group
117
Q

Amino acids exist is two stereoisomers

A

D or L

118
Q

Stereoisomers

A

stereoisomers are isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms, rather than order of atomic connectivity.

119
Q

Which stereoisomers of aminoacids are most often found in nature?

A

L-form

120
Q

Peptide bonds

A

between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis

121
Q

Primary structure

A

Polypeptide chain

122
Q

Secondary structure

A

occurs when the amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet

123
Q

Tertiary structure

A

occurs when the helix or sheet folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain

124
Q

quarternary structure

A

consists of two or more polypeptides

125
Q

Denaturation occurs when

A

proteins encounter hostile environments such as temperature and pH, and therefore lose their shapes and functions

126
Q

Conjugated proteins consist of

A

amino acids and other organic molecules

Glycoproteins
Nucleoproteins
Lipoproteins

127
Q

What two functional groups are in all amino acids?

A

-COOH & -NH2

128
Q

subunit of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

129
Q

components of nucleotides

A

A five-carbon (pentose) sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base

130
Q

Nucleosides components

A

Pentose
Nitrogen-containing base

131
Q

DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

132
Q

Contains deoxyribose
Exists as a double helix

A

DNA

133
Q

In DNA, Adenine bonds with

A

Thymine
A is to T

134
Q

In DNA, Cytosine bonds with

A

Guanine

C is to G

135
Q

how does A bind to T and C bind to G in DNA ?

A

Hydrogen bonding

136
Q

Order of the nitrogen-containing bases forms

A

the genetic instructions of the organism

137
Q

Ribonucleic acid
contains

A

Ribose

138
Q

Is single stranded

A

RNA

139
Q

Explain the bonding of nucleotides in RNA

A

Adenine hydrogen bonds with Uracil
A —>U

Cytosine hydrogen bonds with Guanine
C—>G

140
Q

Several kinds of R N A play a specific role in

A

protein synthesis

141
Q

ATP stands for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

142
Q

ATP is made of

A

Made of ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups

143
Q

Function of ATP

A

Stores the chemical energy released by some chemical reactions

144
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

Releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell

145
Q

Which can provide more energy for a cell and why: A T P or A D P?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can provide more energy for a cell than adenosine diphosphate (ADP) because it has more phosphate groups and a higher-energy bond:

146
Q

Serology

A

the use of specific antibody binding. Helps hasten diagnosis

147
Q
A

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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