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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 1 > Flashcards

Chap 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Microorganisms

A

Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

Types of microbes

A

1.Bacteria 2.fungi 3.protozoa 4.microscopic algae
5. viruses

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3
Q

Pathogenic

A

Disease producing

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4
Q

A ____ microbes are pathogenic

A

A Few microbes are pathogenic

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5
Q

Function of microbes in our lives

A

1.pathogenic
2.decompose organic waste
3. Generate O2 (photosynthesis)
4.Make ethanol, acetone and vitamins. (Chemical products)
5. Fermented foods. Vinegar, cheese, yogurt.
6. Make manufacturing & disease treatment products like cellulose and insulin

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6
Q

Why do people need knowledge of microorganisms?

A

1.Prevent food spoilage
2.prevent disease
3. understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics

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7
Q

Describe some of the destructive and beneficial actions of microbes

A
  1. Destructive: -pathogenic agents
    - incorrectly fermented foods

2.beneficial
-insulin and other disease treatment products
-O2 production
-decomposition

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8
Q

Body cells in an adult human

A

30 trillion

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9
Q

How many bacterial cells in an adult human?

A

40 trillion

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10
Q

Microbiome

A

Group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body

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11
Q

Functions of the microbiome

A

1-Help maintain good health
2-Can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
3-may help train immune system to discriminate threats

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12
Q

Normal microbiota

A

Collection of acquired microorganisms on or in a healthy human being

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13
Q

Normal microbiota begins to be acquired at which age

A

Newborn

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14
Q

Normal microbiota may colonize the body in which two ways?

A

Indefinitely or fleetingly

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15
Q

Transient microbiota

A

Colonizes the body fleetingly

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16
Q

Colonization can only occur at body sites that

A

Provide nutrients and the right environment for microbes to flourish

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17
Q

When did the human microbiome project begin

A

2007

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18
Q

What was the primary goal of the human microbiome project?

A

Determining the makeup of typical microbiota of various areas of the body

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19
Q

What was the secondary goal of the human microbiome project

A

Understanding relationship between changes in microbiome and human diseases

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20
Q

National microbiome initiative began in

A

2016

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21
Q

Purpose of the national microbiome initiative

A

Explores the role microbiomes play in different ecosystems

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22
Q

What percentage of all the cells in the human body are bacterial cells?

A

Unknown yet

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23
Q

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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24
Q

Parts of scientific names

A

1.Genus
2.specific epithet

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25
Q

How to distinguish scientific names?

A

Scientific names are italicized or underlined

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26
Q

Is capitalized

A

Genus

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27
Q

Is lowercase

A

Specific epithet

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28
Q

Are latinized and used worldwide

A

Scientific names

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29
Q

May be descriptive or honor a scientist

A

Scientific names

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30
Q

Escherichia coli honors

A

The discoverer Theodore escherich

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31
Q

Escherichia coli describes the bacterium’s habitat

A

The large intestine or colon

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32
Q

Staphylo-

A

Clustered

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33
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical

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34
Q

Aureus

A

Gold-colored

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35
Q

How may scientific names be abbreviated?

A

With the first letter of the genus and the specific epithet.

E. Coli
S. Aureus

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36
Q

E. Coli is found in the

A

Large intestine

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37
Q

S. Aureus is found on

A

The skin

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38
Q

Distinguish genus from a specific epithet

A

Genus is the first part, specific epithet is the second part.

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39
Q

Types of microorganisms

A

1.Bacteria
2.Archaea
3.Fungi
4.Protozoa
5.Algae
6.Viruses
7.Multicellular Animal Parasites

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40
Q

A cluster of rod-shaped cells. Scale bar indicates 3 micrometers which is about the length of one of the cells. SEM

A

A.H. influenzae.

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41
Q

A cluster of sporangia resembles balls on sticks. Scale bar is 50 micrometers which appears about three times the length of one of the sporangia heads (balls). SEM.

A

B. Mucor.

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42
Q

An amoeba has a blob-like shape with extensions called pseudopods approaching a food particle. Scale bar indicates 50 micrometers which is roughly half the length of the amoeba. SEM.

A

C. Amoeba.

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43
Q

Volvox resembles a large sphere composed of equally spaced small green dots. This larger sphere is partially filled with smaller oval shaped structures composed of tightly clustered dark green dots. Some of the oval structures overlap. Scale bar indicates 300 micrometers about the diameter of one of the dark green ovals within the larger structure. LM.

A

D. Volvox

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44
Q

A nerve cell is shown in grains surrounded by smaller red grainy patches of the zika virus. Zlkv. Scale bar indicates 70 nanometers, with the virus patches about 100 nanometers in diameter. TEM

A

Nerve cell

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45
Q

Prokaryotes

A

“prenucleus”

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46
Q

Bacteria: prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

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47
Q

How many cells do bacteria have?

A

One, bacteria are single-celled organisms.

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48
Q

The cell walls of bacteria are made of

A

Peptidoglycan

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49
Q

Bacteria divide via

A

Binary fission

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50
Q

Bacteria derive nutrition from

A

organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis

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51
Q

Bacteria may “swim” by using moving appendages called

A

flagella

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52
Q

Archaea: prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes

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53
Q

describe the walls of archaea

A

lack peptidoglycan cell walls. May lack cell wall entirely

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54
Q

Archaea often live in what kind of environments

A

extreme environments

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55
Q

Examples of archaea

A

1.Methanogens
2.Extreme halophiles
3.Extreme thermophiles

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56
Q

Generally not known to cause disease in humans

A

Archaea

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57
Q

Fungi: Eukaryote vs Prokaryote?

A

Eukaryote

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58
Q

Eukaryote

A

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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59
Q

Prokaryotes

A

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria

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60
Q

Distinct nucleus surrounding DNA genetic material

A

Eukaryotes

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61
Q

Describe the cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

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62
Q

How do fungi get nutrition?

A

Absorb organic chemicals for energy

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63
Q

Type of unicellular fungi

A

yeasts

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64
Q

Types of multicellular fungi

A

molds and mushrooms

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65
Q

Molds

A

masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae

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66
Q

Sporangia

A

structures in fungi that produce and contain spores

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67
Q

Protozoa: Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic

A

Eukaryotic cells

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68
Q

how do protozoa get nutrition?

A

1.Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
2.Free-living or parasitic (derive nutrients from a living host)
3. some are photosynthetic

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69
Q

Protozoa may be mobile via

A

pseudopods, cilia or flagella

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70
Q

pseudopods

A

a temporary growth on a cell that allows it to be mobile, almost like a little foot.

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71
Q

free-living

A

An organism that is not dependent on another organism for survival

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72
Q

protozoa reproduction

A

reproduce sexually or asexually

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73
Q

Algae: Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotes

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74
Q

Describe the cell walls of algae

A

cellulose

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75
Q

Where is algae found?

A

Freshwater, saltwater, and soil

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76
Q

How does algae feed itself?

A

Uses photosynthesis for energy. Produces Oxygen and carbohydrates.

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77
Q

How does algae reproduce?

A

Sexual and Asexual reproduction possible

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78
Q

Example of algae

A

volvox

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79
Q

Acellular

A

viruses

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80
Q

What does the core of viruses contain?

A

RNA, DNA

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81
Q

The core of viruses is surrounded by

A

a protein coat

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82
Q

The protein coat of viruses may be enclosed in?

A

a lipid envelope

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83
Q

When can viruses replicate?

A

ONLY when they are in a living host cell

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84
Q

Outside of host, viruses are

A

inert

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85
Q

Example of virus

A

Zik V

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86
Q

Multicellular Animal Parasites: Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotes

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87
Q

Not strictly microorganisms

A

Multicellular animal parasites

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88
Q

multicellular animals

A

Multicellular animal parasites

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89
Q

Examples of multicellular animal parasites

A

Parasitic flatworms and roundworms

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90
Q

helminths

A

Parasitic flatworms and roundworms

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91
Q

Some microscopic stages in their life cycles

A

multicellular animal parasites

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92
Q

Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria
Archaea

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93
Q

Which groups of microbes are Eukaryotes?

A

Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Multicellular Animal Parasites

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94
Q

Who developed the classification of microorganisms?

A

Carl Woese in 1978

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95
Q

Three domains based on cellular organization

A

1.Bacteria
2.Archaea
3.Eukarya

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96
Q

Types of Eukarya

A

Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

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97
Q

Contributions of Robert Hooke in 1665

A

living things are composed of little boxes, or “cells”

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98
Q

What idea marked the beginning of cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells

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99
Q

Who observed the first microbes?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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100
Q

When were the first microbes observed?

A

1623-1673

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101
Q

animacules

A

viewed through magnifying glass.
archaic term for microscopic organisms by Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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102
Q

What is cell theory?

A

scientific theory in biology that states that all living organisms are made up of cells, which are the basic unit of life and structure

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103
Q

Spontaneous generation:

A

the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life

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104
Q

the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life

A

spontaneous generation

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105
Q

Biogenesis

A

the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

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106
Q

the hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

A

Biogenesis

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107
Q

From where did the maggots come?
In Francesco Redi’s experiment

A

From the fly eggs

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108
Q

What was the purpose of the sealed jars in Francesco Redi’s experiment?

A

The sealed jars did not allow air or anything else to come into contact with the decaying meat

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109
Q

What was the purpose of the jars covered with fine net?

A

to allow air but not flies to come into contact with meat.

110
Q

Francesco Redi’s experiment supports which theory? Spontaneous generation or Biogenesis?

A

Biogenesis. The maggots did not appear spontaneously, instead they came from other living cells.

111
Q

Who used early microscope to observe microbes?

A

Anton van van Leeuwenhoek

112
Q

Explain John Needham’s experiment?

A

John Needham boiled broth to kill all living organisms and then burnt the end off to prevent air from getting in. However things grew in the broth. He concluded that Spontaneous generation was the reason for the growths.

113
Q

Where did the microbes from John Needham’s experiment come from?

A

from microbes that weren’t killed during boiling or from improperly closing the bottle. He thought it was spontaneous generation

114
Q

Explain Lazzaro Spallanzani’s experiment

A

Spallanzani recreated needham’s experiment and sealed the broth in a flask then boiled it. He observed no microbial growth even after days of his experiment. He concluded that spontaneous generation does NOT occur. Supports BIOGENESIS

115
Q

When was the theory of biogenesis first established?

A

1858

116
Q

Rudolf Virchow contribution

A

said that cells arise from pre-existing cells

117
Q

Louis Pasteur contribution

A

1861:Microorganisms are present in air

118
Q

Explain Louis Pasteur’s experiment

A

Nutrient broth was placed in s-shaped flasks that allowed air in, but prevented the spread of microbes into the broth. The nutrient broth that was not sealed experienced microbial growth. The nutrient broth that was heated and immediately sealed experienced no microbial growth. Supported BIOGENESIS

119
Q

Why did Pasteur use S-shaped flasks?

A

to keep microbes out, but let air in. Neck trapped microbes.

120
Q

Microorganisms originate in ___ or _______

A

air or fluids, not mystical forces.

121
Q

What supported spontaneous generation?

A

maggots arising from dead bodies and soil

122
Q

How was spontaneous generation disproved?

A

by the experiments of Redi,Pasteur and spananzalli. Life did not arise from air alone, but from microbes in the environment.

123
Q

when was the golden age of microbiology?

A

1857-1914

124
Q

Name some of the important discoveries made during the golden age of microbiology

A

-Relationship between microbes and disease
-immunity
-antimicrobial drugs

125
Q

Who showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation?

A

Pasteur

126
Q

Fermentation

A

microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air

127
Q

also responsible for the spoilage of food and beverages

A

microbial growth

128
Q

How is wine spoiled?

A

bacteria that uses the air spoils wine by turning it into vinegar. (acetic acid)

129
Q

Pasteurization

A

application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages.

130
Q

How did Pasteur believe he could prevent wine from spoiling?

A

demonstrated that spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine.

131
Q

Fermentation discovered by

A

Pasteur

132
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation?

A

Pasteur

133
Q

Who created pasteurization?

A

Pasteur

134
Q

Aseptic surgery

A

Lister

135
Q

Germ theory of disease was discovered by

A

Koch

136
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae discovered by

A

Neisser

137
Q

Pure cultures discovered by

A

Koch

138
Q

Yellow fever by

A

Finlay

139
Q

Showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus 1835

A

Agostino Bassi

140
Q

showed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan 1865

A

Pasteur

141
Q

advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another

A

1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis

142
Q

1860s: Applying Pasteur’s work showing that microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases, ______ _______ used a chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections

A

Joseph Lister

143
Q
A
144
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Koch

145
Q

Agar (solid) media

A

Hess

146
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Koch

147
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Metchnikoff

148
Q

Gram staining procedure

A

gram

149
Q

Escherichia coli

A

Escherich

150
Q

1876: _______ _____ discovered that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, to demonstrate that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

A

Robert Koch, specific microbe causes a specific disease.

151
Q

1st of Koch’s postulates

A

1.The microorganism must be present in all diseased individuals, but not in healthy individuals.

152
Q

Petri dish

A

petri

153
Q

clostridium tetani

A

Kitasato

154
Q

Theory of immunity

A

Ehrlich

155
Q

Diphtheria Antitoxin

A

von Bering

156
Q

Sulfur cycle

A

Winogradsky

157
Q

_______ _______ inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then immune to smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

158
Q

is derived from the Latin word vacca, meaning cow

A

vaccination

159
Q

immunity

A

protection against diseases

160
Q

Summarize in your own words the germ theory of disease.

A

Germ theory explains how microorganisms cause infectious diseases. Specific pathogens are responsible for causing specific infectious diseases. Germs can be transferred from person to person through the air, contaminated food, water or physical contact.Once germs enter the body they can reproduce and cause ilnness by releasing toxins or damaging cells.

161
Q

What is the importance of Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. explain the causes for diseases
  2. Can help identify the causes for specific diseases
  3. Can help us further understand the causes for certain diseases.
162
Q

What is the significance of Jenner’s discovery?

A
  1. Development of vaccination
  2. Eradication of smallpox
  3. influence on modern vaccinology
  4. Improved public health
163
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment of disease with chemicals is called

164
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious disease can be

A

synthetic drugs or antibiotics

165
Q

are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

A

antibiotics

166
Q

antibiotics

A

are chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

167
Q

Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat

A

malaria

168
Q

speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host

A

Paul Ehrlich

169
Q

1910:Ehrlich developed

A

a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis

170
Q

When were sulfonamides synthesized?

A

1930’s

171
Q

who discovered the first antibiotic (by accident) 1928

A

Alexander Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

172
Q

penicillin killed

A

S. aureus

173
Q

When was Penicillin tested clinically and mass-produced

A

1940’s

174
Q

Problems with Antimicrobial Chemicals

A

1.Overuse can lead to resistance
2. Some drugs can be toxic to humans

175
Q

Which drugs can especially be toxic to humans?

A

antivirals

176
Q

When was the third golden age of microbiology?

A

late 1980’s to present

177
Q

What was Ehrlich’s “magic bullet”?

A

Elrich’s magic bullet had a targeted approach for killing pathogens. Salvarsan specifically attacked the syphilis-causing bacteria without harming the patient’s own cells. Diseases can be cured effectively by understanding the mechanisms of pathogens.

178
Q

Bacteriology

A

Study of bacteria

179
Q

Mycology

A

study of fungi

180
Q

Parasitology

A

is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

181
Q

study of immunity

A

immunology

182
Q

_______ and ________ are used to prevent and cure viral diseases

A

vaccines and interferons

183
Q

A major advance in immunology occurred in 1933 when Rebecca Lancefield

A

Lancefield classified streptococci based on their cell wall components

184
Q

rebecca lancefield contribution

A

discovered differences in the chemical composition of a polysaccharide in the cell walls of many pathogenic streptococci.

185
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

186
Q

discovered the cause of mosaic disease of tobacco to be a virus

A

Dmitri Iwanowski in 1892 and Wendell Stanley in 1935

187
Q

have made it possible to study the structure of viruses in detail

A

Electron microscopes

188
Q

Microbial genetics

A

the study of how microbes inherit traits

189
Q

Molecular biology

A

the study of how D N A directs protein synthesis

190
Q

Genomics

A

the study of an organism’s genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

191
Q

D N A made from two different sources
In the 1960s, Paul Berg inserted animal D N A into bacterial D N A, and the bacteria produced an animal protein

A

Recombinant DNA

192
Q

showed that genes encode a cell’s enzymes

A

1941: George Beadle and Edward Tatum

193
Q

showed that D N A is the hereditary material

A

1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

194
Q

proposed a model of D N A structure

A

1953: James Watson and Francis Crick

195
Q

discovered the role of m R N A in protein synthesis

A

François Jacob and Jacques Monod 1961

196
Q

Microbial Ecology

A

is the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

197
Q

Bacteria convert

A

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus into forms used by plants and animals

198
Q

Sewage is ______ water

A

99.9%

199
Q

Treatment of sewage removes undesirable components so water can be

A

released or reused

200
Q

How do microbes help us recycle sewage water?

A

to convert left over liquid and organic materials into by-products such as carbon dioxide

201
Q

What do bacteria do to organic matter in sewage?

A

Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage

202
Q

What do bacteria degrade or detoxify in sewage?

A

Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury

203
Q

Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to

A

chemical pesticides

204
Q

Why are pathogenic microbes a better alternative to chemical pesticides

A

Prevent insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission

205
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in

A

many insects but harmless to animals and plants

206
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis produces

A

protein crystals toxic to insects
The toxin gene has been inserted into some plants to confer insect resistance

207
Q

Biotechnology

A

is the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing foods and chemicals

208
Q

Recombinant D N A technology

A

enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes

209
Q

Missing or defective genes in human cells can be replaced in

A

Gene therapy

210
Q

are used to protect crops from insects and from freezing

A

Genetically modified bacteria

211
Q

Normal microbiota

A

Microbes normally present in and on the human body are called

212
Q

Importance of normal microbiota

A

1.Normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens
2.Normal microbiota produce growth factors such as vitamins B and K

213
Q

Resistance

A

is the ability of the body to ward off disease

214
Q

resistance factors include

A

skin, stomach acid, and antimicrobial chemicals

215
Q

biofilms

A

1.Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses
2.They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants

216
Q

Why can biofilms be dangerous?

A

Biofilms can cause infections and are often resistant to antibiotics

217
Q

When does disease happen?

A

When a pathogen invades a host and overcomes the host’s resistance, disease results

218
Q

Emerging infectious diseases (E I D s):

A

new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence

219
Q

When was zika virus discovered?

A

Virus discovered in 1947 in Uganda

220
Q

Human epidemics in Micronesia 2007, then in French Polynesia and Brazil in 2013-2015

A

zika virus disease

221
Q

How is zika spread?

A

Spread by bite of an infected Aedes mosquito; also transmitted by sexual contact

222
Q

Effects of zika during pregnancy

A

Infection during pregnancy can result in severe birth defects

223
Q

Middle East respiratory syndrome (M E R S) cause

A

Caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (M E R S- C o V)

224
Q

MERS is common to

A

SARS

225
Q

SARS

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

226
Q

1,800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths since 2014

A

MERS

227
Q

Also known as swine flu
First detected in the United States in 2009
Declared a pandemic, or worldwide large-scale outbreak, by W H O in 2009

A

H1N1 influenza

228
Q

Influenza A virus
Primarily in waterfowl and poultry
Sustained human-to-human transmission has not yet occurred

A

Avian influenza A (H 5 N 1)

229
Q

MRSA
1950s: Penicillin resistance developed
1980s: Methicillin resistance
1990s: M R S A resistance to vancomycin reported

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (M R S A)

230
Q

VISA

A

vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus

231
Q

VRSA

A

vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

232
Q

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF)

A

Ebola virus
Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting

233
Q

How is EHF transmitted?

A

Transmitted via contact with infected blood or body fluids

234
Q

First identified near Ebola River, Congo
2014 outbreak in Guinea; over 28,000 infected over 2 years, with 1/3 of those infected dead

A

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

235
Q

Causes hemorrhagic fever similar to Ebola
First cases in laboratory workers in Europe who handled African green monkeys from Uganda
13 outbreaks identified in Africa between 1975 and 2016

A

Marburg virus

236
Q

marburg virus

A

Causes hemorrhagic fever similar to Ebola
First cases in laboratory workers in Europe who handled African green monkeys from Uganda
13 outbreaks identified in Africa between 1975 and 2016

237
Q

Involving 1 to 252 people, with 57% mortality
African fruit bats are the natural reservoir for the virus (and also suspected of being the reservoir for Ebola virus)

A

Marburg virus

238
Q

Differentiate normal microbiota and infectious disease.

A
239
Q

Why are biofilms important?

A

1.Biofilms can cause infections and are often resistant to antibiotics
2. Biofilms contribute to ecosystem functioning nutrient cycling and bioremediation

240
Q

What factors contribute to the emergence of an infectious disease?

A
241
Q

masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae

A

Molds

242
Q

masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae

A

Molds

243
Q

The current system of nomenclature for organisms was established by

A

Carolus Linnaeus

244
Q

Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names the genus and the

A

Specific epithet

245
Q

Archaea, often found in extreme environments are divided into

A

3 main groups:
-thermophiles
-methanogens
-halophiles

246
Q

In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification that groups organisms into the domains bacteria archaea and

A

Eukarya

247
Q

Eukarya includes all of the following except
a)viruses
b) protists
c)fungi
d)plants
e)animals

A

Viruses

248
Q

Robert koch

A

Proved that bacteria can cause disease

249
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

250
Q

Who discovered a chemotherapeutic agent against syphilis

A

Ehrlich

251
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA

A

Watson and crick

252
Q

Robert Koch developed his postulates while identifying the cause of which disease?

A

Anthrax

253
Q

Jenner conducted an experiment that eventually led to one of the following concepts

A

Vaccination smallpox vaccine

254
Q

The process of using just enough heat to kill most (but not all) of the bacteria that cause spoilage in a beverage was developed by

A

Pasteur

255
Q

Salvarsan was a drug to treat syphilis developed by

A

Ehrlich

256
Q

Which of the following causes a wide range of human infections including pimples/ boils, pneumonia, food poisoning, and surgical wound infections?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

257
Q

Which of the following is not an example of an emerging infectious disease

A

Malaria

258
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease affecting a large number of individuals in a short period of time on a global scale

259
Q

All of the following are natural human defenses against disease except
Interferon
penicillin
skin and mucous membranes

A

Penicillin

260
Q

An example of hemorrhagic fever virus is

A

Ebola virus

261
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis is used as

A

A natural insecticide

262
Q

Bioremediation is the use of microbes

A

To clean up pollutants and toxic wastes

263
Q

Biotechnology can best be defined as using living organisms to

A

Develop useful products

264
Q

Gene therapy can be used to treat

A

Cystic fibrosis

265
Q

Which element can only be converted by bacteria into a form that is available to plants and animals

A

Nitrogen

266
Q

Who challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis

A

Virchow

267
Q

Second of Koch’s postulates

A

2.The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host

268
Q

Second of Koch’s postulates

A

2.The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host

269
Q

Third of Koch’s postulates

A

3.When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.

270
Q

Fourth of Koch’s postulates

A

4.The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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