Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 10 > Flashcards

Chap 10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy

A

the science of classifying organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Taxonomy shows

A

degree of similarity among organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Systematics, or phylogeny

A

the study of the evolutionary history of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

1735: Linnaeus contribution

A

kingdoms Plantae and Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

1800s: Bacteria and fungi put in

A

kingdom Plantae (Nägeli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

1800s Kingdom Protista proposed for

A

bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi (Haeckel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

1937: Prokaryote introduced to

A

distinguish cells without a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

1968: Murray

A

kingdom Prokaryotae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1969: Whittaker

A

five-kingdom system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Of what value is taxonomy and systematics?

A

provide a standardized way to identify, name, and classify organisms, allowing scientists to effectively communicate about species, understand their evolutionary relationships, and study biodiversity,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why shouldn’t bacteria be placed in the plant kingdom?

A

Because bacteria are prokaryotic, they do not have a nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who developed the three domains?

A

Woese in 1978

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three domains based on?

A

based on sequences of nucleotides in rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Eukarya

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Archaea

A

Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Hyperthermophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Key concepts of three domain system

A
  1. All organisms evolved from cells that formed over 3 billion years ago.
  2. The DNA passed on from ancestors is described as conserved.
  3. Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, as well as protists. The Domains Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell wall of Archaea contains

A

Varies in composition; no peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell wall of bacteria contains

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cell wall of eukarya

A

Varies in composition; contains carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fist amino acid in protein synthesis of archaea

A

methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fist amino acid in protein synthesis of bacteria

A

formylmethionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fist amino acid in protein synthesis of eukarya

A

methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

antibiotic sensitivity of archaea

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

antibiotic sensitivity of eukarya

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

rRNA loop

A

binds to ribosomal protein, found in all bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Does archaea have an rRNA loop?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Does bacteria have an rRNA loop?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Does Eukarya have an rRNA loop?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

DNA of prokaryotes

A

one circular; some two circular; some linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

DNA of eukaryotic cell

A

linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Eukaryotic organelles DNA

A

circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Histones are found in

A

prokaryotic cell archaea and eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Types of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A

70 S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Types of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

A

80 S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do prokaryotic cells grow?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do eukaryotic cells grow?

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts grow?)

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Eukaryotes originated from

A

infoldings of prokaryotic plasma membranes
Endosymbiotic bacteria developed into organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does a phylogenetic tree do?

A

Groups organisms according to common properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

A phylogenetic tree Groups organisms according to common properties such as

A

Fossils
-Genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Mutations accumulated in the genomes serve as

A

molecular clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

concepts behind phylogenetic tree

A
  1. Groups of organisms evolved from a common ancestor
  2. Each species retains some characteristics of its ancestor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

stromatolites

A

rock-like pillars. Layered sedimentary formations that are some of the oldest fossils on Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What evidence supports classifying organisms into three domains?

A
  1. differences in the sequences of nucleotides in the cell’s ribosomal RNAs (rRNA),
  2. the cell’s membrane lipid structure
  3. its sensitivity to antibiotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Compare archaea and bacteria; bacteria and eukarya; and archaea and eukarya.

A

Both Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, single-celled microorganisms with no nuclei, and Eukarya includes us humans and all other animals, plants, fungi, and single-celled protists; all Eukarya are organisms whose cells have nuclei to enclose their DNA apart from the rest of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Why do we need scientific nomencature?

A

Common names vary with languages and geography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

is used worldwide to consistently and accurately name organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Parts of binomial nomenclature

A
  1. Genus
  2. Specific epithet (species)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

entero-

A

intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

pyo-

A

pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

cerevisia

A

beer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

chryso-

A

yellow pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

-myces

A

fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

penicill

A

tuft-like or paintbrush

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

trypano-, borer

A

corkscrew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

soma

A

body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the The Taxonomic Hierarchy

A

subdivisions developed by Linnaeus to classify plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy was developed by

A

Linnaeus

61
Q

Eukaryotic species:

A

a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

62
Q

Taxonomic hierarchy parts

A

D- Kings play chess on fancy glass stools

  1. All organisms
  2. Domain
  3. Kingdom
  4. Phylum
  5. Class
  6. Order
  7. Family
  8. Genus
  9. Species
63
Q

Using Escherichia coli and Entamoeba coli as examples, explain why the genus name must always be written out on first use. Why is binomial nomenclature preferable to common names?

A

To avoid confusing organism that have a genus that starts with the same letter. Binomial nomenclature provides standardization

64
Q

Find the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus in Appendix F. To which bacteria is this genus more closely related: Bacillus or Streptococcus?

A

Bacillus because they’re in the same order

65
Q

genus consists of

A

species that differ from each other in certain ways but are related by descent.

66
Q

family

A

related genera

67
Q

Prokaryotic species

A

population of cells with similar characteristics

68
Q

Culture

A

bacteria grown in laboratory media

69
Q

Clone

A

population of cells derived from a single parent cell

70
Q

Strain:

A

genetically different cells within a clone

71
Q

Protista:

A

catchall kingdom for a variety of organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic

72
Q

Protista are grouped into

A

Clades

73
Q

Clades are based on

A

rRNA

74
Q

Fungi can be

A

chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular;

75
Q

Fungi cell walls

A

chitin

76
Q

Fungi develop from

A

spores or hyphal fragments

77
Q

Plantae:

A

multicellular; cellulose cell walls; undergo photosynthesis

78
Q

Animalia:

A

multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

79
Q

multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

A

Animalia

80
Q

Viruses are not a part of

A

any domain

81
Q

Viral species

A

population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche

82
Q

Use the terms species, culture, clone, and strain in one sentence to describe growing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

A

A laboratory might cultivate a specific “strain” of the bacterial “species” Staphylococcus aureus, which is resistant to methicillin, by growing a “clone” from a particular “culture” of MRS

83
Q

You discover a new multicellular, nucleated, heterotrophic, organism with cell walls. To what kingdom does it belong?

A

fungi

84
Q

protist

A

unicellular eukaryotes and their close relatives.

85
Q

Why doesn’t the definition of a viral species work for a bacteria?

A

viruses are not made from cells

86
Q

Classification

A

placing organisms in groups of related species

87
Q

Identification

A

matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to lists of known organisms

88
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

A

provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

89
Q

Approved Lists of Bacterial Names

A

lists species of known classification

90
Q

In clinical microbiology, lab requisition forms are used to

A

note types of specimens collected and tests to be conducted

91
Q

Transport media

A

is used to collect and transport pathogens to a laboratory

92
Q

Morphological characteristics useful for

A

for identifying eukaryotes; tell little about phylogenetic relationships

93
Q

Differential staining:

A

Gram staining, acid-fast staining; not useful for bacteria without cell walls

94
Q

Biochemical tests:

A

determine presence of bacterial enzymes

95
Q

Rapid identification methods

A
  1. perform several biochemical tests simultaneously
  2. Results of each test are assigned a number
96
Q

Automated rapid identification system is available for

A

medically important bacteria and yeast

97
Q

The data from a mass spectrophotometer are compared to

A

a database

98
Q

serology

A

The science that studies serum and immune responses in serum

99
Q

Microorganisms are antigenic

A

they stimulate the body to form antibodies in the serum

100
Q

In an antiserum,

A

solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacterium

101
Q

slide agglutination test

A

bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced in response to the bacteria

102
Q

Serological testing can differentiate between

A

species and strains within species

103
Q

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

A

Known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well; a reaction identifies the bacteria

104
Q

Western blotting

A

Identifies antibodies in a patient’s serum; confirms HIV infection, and Lyme disease

105
Q

How does the ELISA method work?

A
  1. Antibody is adsorbed to well
  2. Patient sample is added; complimentary antigen binds to antibody
  3. Enzyme-linked antibody specific for test antigen is added and bindsto antigen, forming a sandwich
  4. Enzyme’s substrate is added, and reaction produces a product that causes a visible color change
106
Q

Phage typing

A

Test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to. A method of identifying bacteria using specific strains of bacteriophages

107
Q

How does phage typing occur?

A

On a plate, clearings called plaques appear where phages infect and lyse bacterial cells

108
Q

FAMEs: Fatty acid methyl esters

A

provide profiles that are constant for a particular species

109
Q

Flow cytometry uses

A

Uses differences in electrical conductivity between species or fluorescence

110
Q

What is flow cytometry?

A

A method of counting cells using a flow cytometer, which detects cells by the presence of a fluorescent tag on the cell surface.

111
Q

function of DNA sequencing for identification?

A

Taxonomists can use an organism’s DNA base composition to draw conclusions about relatedness.

112
Q

This base composition is usually expressed as

A

percentage of guanine plus cytosine (G + C).

113
Q

Two organisms that are closely related have similar amounts of

A

various bases

114
Q

Why can you use base composition to find relatedness?

A

base composition of a single species is theoretically a fixed property

115
Q

However, if there is a difference of more than 10% in their percentage of GC pairs
ex: One bacterium’s DNA contains 40% GC and another bacterium has 60% GC

A

these two organisms probably aren’t related.

116
Q

Genetic sequences of hundreds of organisms are compiled in databases that can be used online through the

A

NCBI

117
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

Analysis of DNA by electrophoresis of restriction enzyme fragments of DNA

118
Q

Why does DNA fingerprinting work?

A

Comparing the number and sizes of restriction fragments that are produced from different organisms provides information about their genetic similarities and differences;

119
Q

the more similar the patterns, or DNA fingerprints,

A

the more closely related the organisms are expected to be

120
Q

DNA fingerprinting is used to determine the source of

A

hospital acquired infections

121
Q

Nucleic acid hybridization measures

A

the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism

122
Q

Greater degree of hybridization means

A

greater degree of relatedness

123
Q

Hybridization of >70% indicates

A

same species

124
Q

Steps of DNA hybridization

A
  1. Heat to separate strands
  2. Combine single strands of DNA
  3. Cool to allow renaturation of double stranded DNA
  4. Determine degree of hybridization
125
Q

complete hybridization

A

organisms identical

126
Q

Partial hybridization

A

organisms related

127
Q

No hybridization

A

organisms unrelated

128
Q

Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)

A

use PCR to amplify DNA of an unknown microorganism that cannot be cultured

129
Q

PCR

A

A technique using DNA polymerase to make multiple copies of a DNA template in vitro.

130
Q

Southern blotting

A

uses nucleic acid hybridization to identify unknown microorganisms using DNA probes

131
Q

DNA probes

A

A short, labeled, single strand of DNA or RNA used to locate its complementary strand in a quantity of DNA.

132
Q

A DNA chip (also known as a microarray) contains

A

DNA probes and detects pathogens by hybridization between the probe and DNA in the sample

133
Q

DNA chip is detected by

A

fluorescence

134
Q

a DNA CHIP CAN BE MANUFACTURED TO CONTAIN

A

Hundreds of housands of synthetic, single stranded DNA sequences. Assume that each DNA sequence was unique to a different gene

135
Q

A silica wafer that holds DNA probes; used to recognize DNA in samples being tested.

A

DNA chip

136
Q

Ribotyping

A

rRNA sequencing

137
Q

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

A

Fluorescent DNA or RNA probes stain the microorganisms being targeted

138
Q

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) determines

A

Determines the identity, abundance, and relative activity of microorganisms in an environment

139
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

Identification keys based on successive questions

140
Q

Cladograms

A

Maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms; based on rRNA sequences

141
Q

Main method to identify bacteria

A

Chemical tests

142
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

series of paired statements in which one of each pair of statements applies to a given organism. Provide step by step procedure for identifying an organism.

143
Q

What is in Bergey’s Manual?

A

the standard laboratory identification reference on bacteria.

144
Q

What is tested in Western blotting and Southern blotting?

A

Southern blot detects specific DNA sequences, Northern blot detects particular RNA sequences, and Western blot detects specific proteins

145
Q

What is identified by phage typing?

A

method for identifying bacterial strains by infecting them with bacteriophages, or phages, and observing the bacteria’s response

146
Q

Why does PCR identify a microbe?

A

it can amplify a specific segment of DNA, which allows for the detection and identification of gene sequences

147
Q

Which techniques involve nucleic acid hybridization?

A

Southern blotting, Northern blotting, in situ hybridization (ISH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA microarrays

148
Q

Is a cladogram used for identification or classification?

A

used in classification to visually represent similarities between organisms

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions