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MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 > Chap 14 > Flashcards

Chap 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

Etiology:

A

the cause of a disease

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3
Q

Pathogenesis:

A

the development of disease

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4
Q

Infection

A

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

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5
Q

Disease

A

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

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6
Q

Human microbiome begins to be established

A

In utero

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7
Q

How is the human microbiome established?

A

More microorganisms acquired from food, people, and pets

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8
Q

The human microbiome remains throughout

A

life; very specific to you

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9
Q

Human Microbiome Project

A

analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

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10
Q

Normal microbiota

A

permanently colonize the host and do not cause disease under normal conditions

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11
Q

Transient microbiota

A

may be present for days, weeks, or months

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12
Q

Opportunistic

A

If it has the ability to colonize somewhere else it probably will

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13
Q

Distribution and composition of normal microbiota are determined by many factors

A

Nutrients
Physical and chemical factors
Host defenses
Mechanical factors

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14
Q

H. pylori causes

A

Stomach ulcers

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15
Q

Vaginal birth microbes

A

prevalently Lactobacillus and Bacteroides

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16
Q

Cesarean birth microbiome

A

microbiome resembles the human skin
Staphylococcus aureus

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17
Q

Microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion)

A

is a competition between microbes

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18
Q

Normal microbiota protect the host by:

A

Competing for nutrients
Producing substances harmful to invading microbes
Affecting pH and available oxygen

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19
Q

Symbiosis

A

relationship between normal microbiota and the host

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20
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

both organisms benefit

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22
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits at the expense of the other

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23
Q

opportunistic pathogens can be pathogenic when

A

it grows too much, or it grows somewhere where its not supposed to

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24
Q

first of koch’s postulates

A

The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

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25
Q

2nd of Koch’s postulates

A

The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

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26
Q

3rd of Koch’s postulates

A

The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.

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27
Q

4th of Koch’s postulates

A

The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

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28
Q

Koch’s postulates are used to

A

prove the cause of an infectious disease

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29
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions
  2. Some pathogens cause disease only in humans
  3. Some microbes have never been cultured
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30
Q

Symptoms:

A

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease

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31
Q

Signs:

A

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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32
Q

Syndrome:

A

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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33
Q

Communicable disease

A

a disease that is spread from one host to another

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34
Q

Contagious diseases

A

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

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35
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

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36
Q

The study of where and when diseases occur, and how they are transmitted

A

epidemiology

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37
Q

Incidence

A

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

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38
Q

Prevalence

A

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared

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39
Q

Prevalence takes into account

A

both old and new cases

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40
Q

Epidemiology is important because

A

We learn how to treat and prevent various diseases

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41
Q

Expected prevalence

A

prevalence that is expected based on patterns established by past observations.

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42
Q

sporadic diseases

A

only a few cases occur in that region

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43
Q

Endemic disease

A

disease normally and continuously occurs there at a fairly stable rate.

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44
Q

Epidemic disease

A

disease occurs at a significantly higher rate than what would normally be expected.

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45
Q

Pandemic disease

A

There is an epidemic on more than one continent at the same time

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46
Q

disease that occurs only occasionally

A

sporadic disease

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47
Q

disease constantly present in a population

A

Endemic disease

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48
Q

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

A

Epidemic disease

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49
Q

Worldwide epidemic

A

Pandemic disease

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50
Q

Acute disease

A

symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts only a short time

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51
Q

Chronic disease

A

symptoms develop slowly

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52
Q

Subacute disease

A

intermediate between acute and chronic

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53
Q

Latent disease

A

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

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54
Q

Herd immunity

A

immunity in most of a population

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55
Q

Local infection

A

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

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56
Q

Systemic (generalized) infection

A

an infection throughout the body

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57
Q

Focal infection

A

systemic infection that began as a local infection

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58
Q

Sepsis

A

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection

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59
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

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60
Q

Septicemia

A

also known as blood poisoning; growth of bacteria in the blood

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61
Q

Toxemia

A

toxins in the blood

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62
Q

Viremia

A

viruses in the blood

63
Q

Primary infection

A

acute infection that causes the initial illness

64
Q

Secondary infection

A

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

65
Q

Subclinical disease

A

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

66
Q

Predisposing factors

A

Make the body more susceptible to disease

67
Q

Examples of predisposing factors

A

Gender
Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene
Climate and weather
Lack of vaccination
Fatigue
Age
Lifestyle
Nutrition
Chemotherapy

68
Q

Incubation period

A

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

69
Q

Prodromal period

A

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

70
Q

Period of illness

A

disease is most severe

71
Q

Period of decline

A

signs and symptoms subside

72
Q

Period of convalescence

A

body returns to its prediseased state

73
Q

Reservoirs of infection

A

Continual sources of infection

74
Q

Nonliving reservoirs examples

A

soil and water

75
Q

Example of human reservoirs

A

Carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

76
Q

Examples of animal reservoirs

A

Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans

77
Q

carriers

A

may have inapparent infections or latent diseases

78
Q

Zoonoses

A

diseases transmitted from animals to humans

79
Q

Direct contact transmission

A

requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host

80
Q

Congenital transmission

A

transmission from mother to fetus or newborn at birth

81
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite

82
Q

Formite

A

inanimate object that can spread disease to a new host when contaminated with infectious agents.

83
Q

Droplet transmission

A

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

84
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Transmission by an inanimate reservoir

85
Q

Vehicle transmission can be

A

Airborne
Waterborne
Foodborne

86
Q

Examples of vectors

A

Arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitoes

87
Q

Vectors transmit disease by two methods

A
  1. Mechanical transmission
  2. Biological transmission
88
Q

Mechanical transmission

A

arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

89
Q

Biological transmission

A

pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces

90
Q

Infectious diseases are transmitted from either

A
  1. Host’s portal of exit
  2. Reservoir to new host
91
Q

Three major categories of transmission

A
  1. Contact transmission
  2. Vehicle transmission
  3. Vector transmission
92
Q

Types of Contact transmission

A

1.direct contact, 2.indirect contact or 3.droplets

93
Q

Examples of contact transmission

A

touching, kissing, sexual intercourse

transfer from mother to fetus
or from one site to another on one person, such as between the nose and eye

94
Q

Droplet transmission can happen during

A
  • exhaling, speaking, coughing, sneezing
95
Q

Indirect contact

A

involves spreading of pathogens by inanimate objects called fomites

96
Q

Spread of pathogens via an aerosol; dust or droplets traveling further than 1 meter

A

Airborne

97
Q

Waterborne transmission is a major mode of transmission for

A

many GI diseases like cholera

98
Q

How does cholera usually get transmitted?

A

Fecal material enters the water supply

99
Q

Foodborne transmission

A

also a typical cause of GI diseases
pathogens enter food that wasn’t properly prepared, or is contaminated with fecal material

100
Q

nosocomial infections

A

Acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility

101
Q

Prevalence of HAIs

A

Affect 1 in 25 hospital patients
2 million per year infected; over 70,000 deaths

102
Q

UTI

A

40% of HAIs
commonly acquired during removal or insertion of urinary catheters
usually involve normal flora of patient or employee

103
Q

Surgical wound infection

A

second most common type of HAI
usually caused by normal skin flora

104
Q

Lower respiratory infections

A

third most common HAI , usually associated with respiratory devices

105
Q

Cutaneous infections commonly occur in

A

newborns or burn patients

106
Q

fourth most common HAI

A

cutaneous infections

107
Q

Bacteremia

A

5th most common HAI,
usually due to intravenous catheterizations or injections

108
Q

All other HAI percentage

A

11%

109
Q

Why are patients susceptible to nosocomial infections?

A

-weakened defenses
-resistant microbes
-invasive procedure
-movement of staff and visitors

110
Q

HAIs result from:

A

Microorganisms in the hospital environment
Weakened status of the host
Chain of transmission in a hospital

111
Q

Compromised host

A

an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

112
Q

types of universal precautions

A
  1. Standard precautions
  2. Transmission-based precautions
113
Q
A
114
Q

Standard precautions

A

basic, minimum practices

115
Q

Transmission-based precautions

A

supplemental to standard precautions; designed for known or suspected infections

116
Q

Examples of transmission-based precautions

A

Contact precautions
Droplet precautions
Airborne precautions

117
Q

How do you control of Healthcare-Associated Infections

A

Reduce number of pathogens
Infection control committees

118
Q

How do you reduce the number of pathogens?

A

1.Handwashing
2. Disinfecting tubs used to bathe patients
3. Cleaning instruments scrupulously
4. Using disposable bandages and intubation

119
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

Diseases that are new, increasing in incidence, or showing a potential to increase in the near future

120
Q

Most emerging infectious diseases are

A

Most are zoonotic, of viral origin, and likely to be vector-borne

121
Q

Contributing factors of EIDs

A

-Genetic recombination
-Evolution of new strains
-Widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides
(Antibiotic-resistant strains)
Changes in weather patterns
(Hantavirus)

122
Q

Evolution of new strains example

A

E. coli O157:H7 and avian influenza (H5N1)

123
Q

new strains example

A

serovars like Vibrio cholerae O139

124
Q

How can changing weather patterns increase EIDs

A
  • increase the distribution and survival of reservoirs and vectors,
125
Q

How do genetic recombinations lead to EIDs?

A

New strains, such as E. coli O157:H7 and avian influenza (H5N1), may result from genetic recombination between organisms.

126
Q

How does modern transportation contribute to EIDs?

A

Known diseases, such as Zika virus disease, chikungunya, dengue, and West Nile encephalitis, may spread to new geographic areas by modern transportation. This was less likely 100 years ago, when travel took so long that infected travelers either died or recovered during passage.

127
Q

How can insect vectors contribute to EIDs?

A

Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus
insect vectors brought by human travelers

128
Q

How do natural disasters contribute to EIDs?

A

Previously unrecognized infections may appear in individuals living or working in regions undergoing ecological changes brought about by natural disaster, construction, wars, and expanding human settlement.

129
Q
A
129
Q

the incidence of coccidioidomycosis increased tenfold following the Northridge earthquake of 1994

A

natural disaster in california led to emerging infectious disease

130
Q

How does animal control contribute to EIDs?

A

The increase in Lyme disease in recent years could be due to rising deer populations resulting from the killing of deer predators.

131
Q

How do failures in public health measures contribute to EIDs?

A

the failure of adults to get a diphtheria booster vaccination led to a diphtheria epidemic in the newly independent republics of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s.

132
Q
A
132
Q

Bioterrorism

A

use of pathogens or toxins to produce death and disease in humans, animals, or plants as an act of violence and intimidation,

133
Q

How does bioterrorism contribute to EIDs?

A

he pathogens or toxins can be disseminated through aerosolization, food, human carriers, water, or infected insects leading to EIDs

134
Q

Functions of epidemiologists

A

Determine etiology of a disease
Identify other important factors concerning the spread of disease
Develop methods for controlling a disease
Assemble data and graphs to outline incidence of disease

135
Q

Mapped the occurrence of cholera in London
1848-1849

A

John snow

136
Q

Showed that handwashing decreased the incidence of peurperal sepsis 1846-1848

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

137
Q

1858 showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus

A

Florence Nightingale

138
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

collection and analysis of data
-Snow

139
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
-nightingale

140
Q

Experimental epidemiology

A

involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments
- Semmelweis

141
Q

Clinical trial

A

Test and control group

142
Q

Function of CDC

A

Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the United States

143
Q

CDC publishes this

A

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

144
Q

Morbidity

A

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

145
Q

Mortality

A

deaths from notifiable diseases

146
Q

Notifiable infectious diseases

A

diseases in which physicians are required to report occurrence

147
Q

Morbidity rate

A

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

148
Q

Mortality rate

A

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

149
Q

MRSA is cultured on

A

Blood cultures grown on mannitol-salt agar; coagulase-positive; gram-positive cocci

150
Q

92% of healthcare strains

A

Strain USA100

151
Q

Strain USA300

A

89% of community-acquired strains

152
Q
A

MICROBIOLOGY!225-80 (24 decks)

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