vitamins 4 Flashcards
why is calcium important?
- important for blood clotting
- nerve function
- helps with contraction of the heart muscles
- bone developmental
what happens during oestoclast activity?
low ca+
release ca+
what happens during oesoblast activity?
high ca+
stores ca+
if they are very high amount of calcium in the body what can it lead to?
cardiac arrest
if they are very low amount of calcium in the body what can it lead to?
respiratory arrest
what is the name given to the multinucleated cells that are involved in calcium homeostasis?
oestoclasts
which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate calcium homeostasis?
calcitonin
how do bisphosphates help to treat osteoporosis?
antiresorptive therapy
what are the oestoblasts embedded as?
oestocytes
what are the oestoblasts made up of?
collagen fibers
where is the Ca+ stored?
in the bone matrix
what is the low Ca+ secreted by?
parathyroid gland
what does cAMP signalling and calcium sensing receptor stimulate?
oestoclast activity- low Ca+ in the bones
what does PTH promote?
oestoclasts activity
loss of Ca+ in the kidney
formation of steroid hormone calcitriol
what is calcitriol?
steroid hormone- vit D in kidney
what does cacitrol promote?
oestoclast activity
uptake of Ca+ from the gut
decrease Ca+ in the kidney
what is calcitonin?
peptide hormone
what does calcitonin secrete?
high Ca+ in the thyroid gland
what does calcitonin inhibit?
Ca+ reabsorption in kidney
oestoclasts
what is osteoporosis?
faster loss of bones
what are the risk factors of osteoporosis?
older women
low bone density
certain medications
family history
lack of exercise
what are the treatments of oestoporosis?
exercise
diet
hormones and genetics
what are the medical treatments of oesteopororsis?
antiresprotive therapies
strontium
Anaobolic therapies
what are the causes of osteoporosis?
decreased production of vit D
renal tubular diseases
intestinal malabsorption
anticonvulsant therapy
what are the symptoms of oesteoporosis?
difficult walking
pain between joints
pain and tenderness in the skeletal
brusises- injury
what factors can be the cause of obesity?
consuming calories
lack of exercise
hormones and genetics
what is the well- fed pathway?
digetsive pathway
what is well fed?
high blood glucose
what Is fasting state?
low blood glucose
where is the LPL secreted from?
adipose parachymal cells
heart
muscle
what can excessive fat lead to?
cell proliferation
enlarged adipose
what are the characteristics of healthy adipose?
functional mitochondria
anti-inflammatory
angiogenesis
fat biogenesis
sensitive to insulin
what is afferent signal?
carry signals towards the CNS
what is efferent signal?
signals from the CNS
what does anabolic circuit promote?
synthesis of larger components molecules into smaller ones
storages energy and rests
what does catabolic promote?
breakdown of larger complex molecules into simpler ones
releases energy
what is leptin?
protein hormone
where is leptin produced in?
SI - enterocytes
adipose
what does leptin repress?
neuropeptide Y
agouti- related proteins
what does agouti- related proteins decrease?
food intake
what does agouti-related proteins increase?
energy expenditure
what does leptin stimulate?
pro- opiomelanocortin
cocain- amphetamine- regulated transcript
what hormone is included in the POMC?
alpha melanocyte
stimulating hormone
what does CART decrease?
food intake
if they are too little of leptin signalling what does it cause?
obesity
what does leptin in adipose and SI enterocytes reduce?
food intake
what are insulin?
pancreatic B cells
what does insulin increase?
fat- energy storage
what does insulin decrease?
food intake
what is an example of oestrogen?
cortisol
where is cortisol produced from?
adrenal gland
what do oestrogen do?
