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XY1110 > vitamins 4 > Flashcards

vitamins 4 Flashcards

1
Q

why is calcium important?

A
  1. important for blood clotting
  2. nerve function
  3. helps with contraction of the heart muscles
  4. bone developmental
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2
Q

what happens during oestoclast activity?

A

low ca+

release ca+

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3
Q

what happens during oesoblast activity?

A

high ca+

stores ca+

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4
Q

if they are very high amount of calcium in the body what can it lead to?

A

cardiac arrest

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5
Q

if they are very low amount of calcium in the body what can it lead to?

A

respiratory arrest

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6
Q

what is the name given to the multinucleated cells that are involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

oestoclasts

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7
Q

which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate calcium homeostasis?

A

calcitonin

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8
Q

how do bisphosphates help to treat osteoporosis?

A

antiresorptive therapy

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9
Q

what are the oestoblasts embedded as?

A

oestocytes

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10
Q

what are the oestoblasts made up of?

A

collagen fibers

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11
Q

where is the Ca+ stored?

A

in the bone matrix

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12
Q

what is the low Ca+ secreted by?

A

parathyroid gland

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13
Q

what does cAMP signalling and calcium sensing receptor stimulate?

A

oestoclast activity- low Ca+ in the bones

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14
Q

what does PTH promote?

A

oestoclasts activity

loss of Ca+ in the kidney

formation of steroid hormone calcitriol

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15
Q

what is calcitriol?

A

steroid hormone- vit D in kidney

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16
Q

what does cacitrol promote?

A

oestoclast activity

uptake of Ca+ from the gut

decrease Ca+ in the kidney

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17
Q

what is calcitonin?

A

peptide hormone

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18
Q

what does calcitonin secrete?

A

high Ca+ in the thyroid gland

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19
Q

what does calcitonin inhibit?

A

Ca+ reabsorption in kidney

oestoclasts

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20
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

faster loss of bones

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21
Q

what are the risk factors of osteoporosis?

A

older women

low bone density

certain medications

family history

lack of exercise

22
Q

what are the treatments of oestoporosis?

A

exercise

diet

hormones and genetics

23
Q

what are the medical treatments of oesteopororsis?

A

antiresprotive therapies

strontium

Anaobolic therapies

24
Q

what are the causes of osteoporosis?

A

decreased production of vit D

renal tubular diseases

intestinal malabsorption

anticonvulsant therapy

25
Q

what are the symptoms of oesteoporosis?

A

difficult walking

pain between joints

pain and tenderness in the skeletal

brusises- injury

26
Q

what factors can be the cause of obesity?

A

consuming calories

lack of exercise

hormones and genetics

27
Q

what is the well- fed pathway?

A

digetsive pathway

28
Q

what is well fed?

A

high blood glucose

29
Q

what Is fasting state?

A

low blood glucose

30
Q

where is the LPL secreted from?

A

adipose parachymal cells

heart

muscle

31
Q

what can excessive fat lead to?

A

cell proliferation

enlarged adipose

32
Q

what are the characteristics of healthy adipose?

A

functional mitochondria

anti-inflammatory

angiogenesis

fat biogenesis

sensitive to insulin

33
Q

what is afferent signal?

A

carry signals towards the CNS

34
Q

what is efferent signal?

A

signals from the CNS

35
Q

what does anabolic circuit promote?

A

synthesis of larger components molecules into smaller ones

storages energy and rests

36
Q

what does catabolic promote?

A

breakdown of larger complex molecules into simpler ones

releases energy

37
Q

what is leptin?

A

protein hormone

38
Q

where is leptin produced in?

A

SI - enterocytes

adipose

39
Q

what does leptin repress?

A

neuropeptide Y

agouti- related proteins

40
Q

what does agouti- related proteins decrease?

A

food intake

41
Q

what does agouti-related proteins increase?

A

energy expenditure

42
Q

what does leptin stimulate?

A

pro- opiomelanocortin

cocain- amphetamine- regulated transcript

43
Q

what hormone is included in the POMC?

A

alpha melanocyte

stimulating hormone

44
Q

what does CART decrease?

A

food intake

45
Q

if they are too little of leptin signalling what does it cause?

A

obesity

46
Q

what does leptin in adipose and SI enterocytes reduce?

A

food intake

47
Q

what are insulin?

A

pancreatic B cells

48
Q

what does insulin increase?

A

fat- energy storage

49
Q

what does insulin decrease?

A

food intake

50
Q

what is an example of oestrogen?

A

cortisol

51
Q

where is cortisol produced from?

A

adrenal gland

52
Q

what do oestrogen do?

A

XY1110 (30 decks)

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