protein function 2

Question 1

what are the glycoproteins covalenty linked to?

Answer 1

oligosaccharides or polysaccharide

Question 2

what is the weight of the glycoproteins?

Answer 2

10-15

Question 3

what is the function of the glycoproteins?

Answer 3

protects the cell awl

cell adhesion

cell specialisation

prevent aggregation-protein folding

recognises chaperone

acts as a protease resistance

Question 4

where is the N-linked glycosylation glycosylated in?

Answer 4

ER lumen

Question 5

where is the O-linked glycosylation glycosylated in?

Answer 5

Golgi lumen

Question 6

what does dolichol phosphate enable?

Answer 6

flipping

Question 7

what does the dolicho phosphate function and bind to?

Answer 7

spans the bilayer and binds the activated sugars

Question 8

what does the oligosaccharyltransferase glycosylates?

Answer 8

protein- happens in the secretory pathway

Question 9

what are the stages of glycoprotein degradation?

Answer 9

1. endocytosis to lysosome
2. protein degrades- proteases
3. remove sugars- lysosome glycosides

Question 10

what is lysosomal storage diseases?

Answer 10

undigested substrates in the lysosomes.

Question 11

what is inclusion cell diseases I- cell disease caused by?

Answer 11

defective phosphotransferase- enzyme in Golgi apparatus

Question 12

what isInclusion-cell disease (I-cell disease) mutation?

Answer 12

recessive mutation in GNPTAB

Question 13

what does glycosaminoglycans contain?

Answer 13

unbranched polysaccharides with amino sugars and acidic disaccharide repeats

Question 14

what is an example of glycosaminoglycans ?

Answer 14

hyaluronan

Question 15

what are proteoglycans?

Answer 15

glycoproteins with GAGS

Question 16

what happens in the GAG assembly on proteins?

Answer 16

1. tetrasaccharide is added to the serine in the golgi lumen
2. repeats are then added one sugar at a time

Question 17

what is the function of GAGS?

Answer 17

lubricates in the CT

cell adhesion to extracellular matrix

binds to cell proliferation factors

Question 18

what are the stages of glycosaminoglycans degradation?

Answer 18

1. endocytosis
2. removes sugars

Question 19

what is the hurler disease?

Answer 19

deficiency of the lysosome enzyme

Question 20

what is the mutation of the hurler disease?

Answer 20

IDUA defect

Question 21

what does IDUA defect in hurler disease encode?

Answer 21

alpha-L- iduronidase

Question 22

what happens in a hurler disease?

Answer 22

GAGS are not degraded

enlarged lysosomes

excessive lysosomes stored in the facial soft tissue

Question 23

what are the symptoms of hurler disease?

Answer 23

build up of fluid in the brain

enlarged liver, spleen

decline in intellecular function

abnormalities in the heart valve

large head

Question 24

what are biogenic amines?

Answer 24

small organic nitrogen containing molecules that are synthesised by amino acids

Question 25

what are the classes of biogenic amines?

Answer 25

1. aromatic and heterocyclic
2. aliphatic mono-, di-, tri and poly amines
3. aliphatic volatile amines

Question 26

what are the functions of biogenic amines?

Answer 26

stabilises the cell membrane

synthesis of protein and nucleic acids

hormones

neural transmission

Question 27

what are the steps of biogenic amines synthesis?

Answer 27

1. decarboxylation of the amino acids
2. amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones

Question 28

what is serotonin used for

Answer 28

is a biogenic amine as it is present via tryptophan decarboxylase

hormones - causes relaxation, memory and pleasure

Question 29

what is nictinoamide unit of NAD+?

Answer 29

it is a vitamin B3 - coenzyme

it is used for the production of energy.

Question 30

what is epinephrine and what is it used for?

Answer 30

adrenalin

used for hormone, flight or fight response and neurotransmitters

Question 31

what Is thyroxine and what is it used for?

Answer 31

thyroid gland hormone

it is used for brain development, muscle control and metabolic rate and maintenance of bones.

Question 32

what is biogenic monoamine neurotransmitters synthesised from?

Answer 32

amino acids

Question 33

what are the steps involved in the catecholamine synthesis?

Answer 33

1) 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
- hydroxylation and then decarboxylation of tryptophan

2) Histamine
- decarboxylation of histidine

3x Catecholamines:
- Tyrosine hydroxylated to Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

3) Dopamine
- decarboxylated DOPA

4) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- β-hydroxylated dopamine

5) Epinephrine (adrenaline)
- methylated noradrenaline

Question 34

what are the key elements involved in the amine oxidases?

Answer 34

Enzymes

Monoamine oxidases (MAO)

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

Question 35

what are the cosubstrates involved in the amine oxidases?

Answer 35

S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)

Prosthetic group

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 36

what is an example of amine oxidases?

Answer 36

Monoamine oxidases (MAO)

Question 37

what does Monoamine oxidases (MAO) require?

Answer 37

Prosthetic group Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

Question 38

what are examples of deficiency caused by build-up of biogenic amines- degradation?

Answer 38

Vitamin B12

monoamine oxidases A

inflammatory bowel disease

Question 39

what is vitamin B12 deficiency?

Answer 39

it is a deficiency that required FAD as if they is a lack of it in the body that it leads to a dysfunction of the monoamine oxidases.

Question 40

what are the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?

Answer 40

tiredness

disturbed vision

psychological problems

Question 41

what is a monoamine oxidases A deficiency?

Answer 41

occurs when they is a build up of serotine in the body

Question 42

what is the symptoms of monoamine oxidases A deficiency?

Answer 42

loss of impulse control

Question 43

what is a inflammatory bowel deficiency?

Answer 43

it is when they is a increased activity of the monoamine oxidases

Question 44

what are the symptoms of the IBD?

Answer 44

causes oxidative stress which leads to vascular damage.