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XY1110 > vitamins 1 > Flashcards

vitamins 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic, essential and not directly used for energy

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2
Q

what are macro and major minerals regulated by?

A

kidney and small intestine

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3
Q

what are the types of minerals?

A

calcium
phosphorus
chloride
magnesium
sodium
sulphur
potassium
copper
zinc
iodine
fluoride
selenium

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4
Q

what is the function of calcium?

A
  1. bone structure
  2. nerve function
  3. blood clotting
  4. vascular contraction and dilation
  5. muscle contraction
  6. blood glucose regulation
  7. cell differentiation.
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5
Q

what is the absorption in calcium?

A
  1. high amount required during lactation and pregnancy and growth
  2. dependent on vit D
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6
Q

what is the deficiency caused by calcium?

A
  1. growth and development delays
  2. bone fractures
  3. rickets
  4. osteopemia
  5. osteomalacia and osteoporosis
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7
Q

what happens when they is excessive intake of calcium?

A
  1. deposition in the soft tissues
  2. inflammation of bones and cartilage
  3. impaired kidney function
  4. hypercalcima/ kidney stone
  5. hyperthyroidism
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8
Q

where is phosphorus found and bound to?

A

it is found in the bone and teeth

and bound to oxygen

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9
Q

what is the function of phosphorus?

A
  1. bone mineralisation ( forms hydroxyaite)
  2. cell signalling
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10
Q

what is phosphorus dependent on?

A

vitamin D in the small intestine

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11
Q

what are the concentrations in the phosphorus controlled by?

A

calcitriol

PTH

calcitonin

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12
Q

what groups are at risk of having phosphorus deficiency?

A
  1. starvation
  2. alchoholics
  3. anorexic
  4. respiratory alkalosis
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13
Q

what deficiencies are caused by phosphorus?

A
  1. rickets
  2. osteomalacia
  3. tingling of extremities
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14
Q

what happens when they is an excessive intake pf phosphorus?

A
  1. higher risk of cardiovascular disease
  2. vascular dysfunction
  3. chronic kidney disease- failure to excrete
  4. decreased PTH levels
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15
Q

what are the clinical uses of phosphorus?

A
  1. to treat hyperphoshatemia
  2. hypercalcemia
  3. kidney stones
  4. enemas and laxatives
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16
Q

what is the function of magnesium

A
  1. acts as a cofactor
  2. provides structural development to the bones
  3. synthesis of DNA, RNA
  4. plays an active role in the transport of calcium and potassium ions across the cell membrane
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17
Q

what are the deficiencies caused by magnesium?

A
  1. sleep disorders
  2. muscle cramps
  3. menstrual problems
  4. cold hands and feet
  5. tachycardia
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18
Q

what are the clinical uses of magnesium?

A

antacid and laxative

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19
Q

what are the deficienencies caused by sodium?

A
  1. fatigue
  2. headaches
  3. nausea/ vomiting
  4. muscle cramps
  5. high BP
  6. irritability
  7. confusion
20
Q

what are potassium absorbed via?

A

passive diffusion in small intestine

21
Q

what are the deficiencies caused by potassium?

A
  1. polyuria
  2. muscular paralysis
  3. cardiac arrhythmia
  4. issues with muscle contraction
  5. encephalopathy in kidney diseases
22
Q

what happens when they is excessive intake of potassium?

A
  1. asymptomatic
  2. severe muscle weakness
  3. paralysis
  4. cardiac arrhythmia
23
Q

what is sulphur contained in?

A

methionine and cysteine

24
Q

what is sulphur needed for?

A

biosynthesis of 3’-phoshoadenosine 5’ phosphate

25
Q

what are the deficiencies caused by sulphur?

A
  1. imbalance of nitrogen
  2. protein energy malnutrition
26
Q

what happens when they is excessive intake of sulphur?

A
  1. osmotic diarrhoea
  2. coughing
  3. skin and eye irritation
  4. blurred vision
27
Q

where is iron found in?

A

haemoglobin

28
Q

what is the deficiency caused by iron?

A

anemia

29
Q

what is the toxicity of iron?

A
  1. nausea
  2. constipation
  3. vomiting
  4. hemochromatosis
30
Q

what is the function of manganese?

A
  1. antioxidant
  2. wound healing
  3. bone development
31
Q

what deficiency is caused by manganese?

A
  1. bone demineralisation
  2. impaired growth
  3. low fertility
  4. impaired glucose tolerance
  5. abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats
32
Q

what is the toxicity of managnese?

A
  1. neurological problems
  2. inflammation of the lungs
33
Q

what are the functions of copper?

A
  1. help with the formation of connective tissues
  2. normal brain and nervous system function
34
Q

what are the deficiencies caused by copper?

A
  1. anemia
  2. neutropemia
  3. bone abnormalities
  4. hypo pigmentation of hair
  5. hypotonia
  6. menkes syndrome
35
Q

what is the toxicity of copper?

A
  • Low copper levels
  • Lower immunity
  • Low HDL cholesterol
36
Q

What is iodine important for?

A
  • Thyroxine
  • T3
  • Skeletal
  • CNS
  • Development in foetuses and infant
37
Q

What are the deficiencies caused by iodine?

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Myxoedema- lethargy, weight gain
38
Q

What happens when they are excessive intake of iodine?

A
  • Goiter
  • Thyroid cancer
  • Burning of mouth
  • Vomiting
39
Q

Where is fluoride found in?

A

bone and teeth

40
Q

What are the functions of fluoride?

A
  • Hardens tooth enamel
  • Stabilises bone mineral
  • Decreases formation of cavity
41
Q

What is the deficiency caused by fluoride?

A
  • Increased risk of dental problems
42
Q

What is the toxicity of fluoride?

A
  • Upset GI
  • Joint pain in the lower extremities
  • Dental and skeletal fluorosis
43
Q

What gender needs more of selenium?

A

males

44
Q

Where is the selenium are found in males?

A
  • Half in testicles and seminal ducts
45
Q

What is selenium deficiency?

A
  • Keshan disease
  • Kashin back
46
Q

What happens when they are excessive selenium?

A
  • Garlic breath
  • Metallic taste in mouth
  • Brittle hair and nails
  • Discoloured teeth

XY1110 (30 decks)

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