vitamins 1 Flashcards
what are minerals?
inorganic, essential and not directly used for energy
what are macro and major minerals regulated by?
kidney and small intestine
what are the types of minerals?
calcium
phosphorus
chloride
magnesium
sodium
sulphur
potassium
copper
zinc
iodine
fluoride
selenium
what is the function of calcium?
- bone structure
- nerve function
- blood clotting
- vascular contraction and dilation
- muscle contraction
- blood glucose regulation
- cell differentiation.
what is the absorption in calcium?
- high amount required during lactation and pregnancy and growth
- dependent on vit D
what is the deficiency caused by calcium?
- growth and development delays
- bone fractures
- rickets
- osteopemia
- osteomalacia and osteoporosis
what happens when they is excessive intake of calcium?
- deposition in the soft tissues
- inflammation of bones and cartilage
- impaired kidney function
- hypercalcima/ kidney stone
- hyperthyroidism
where is phosphorus found and bound to?
it is found in the bone and teeth
and bound to oxygen
what is the function of phosphorus?
- bone mineralisation ( forms hydroxyaite)
- cell signalling
what is phosphorus dependent on?
vitamin D in the small intestine
what are the concentrations in the phosphorus controlled by?
calcitriol
PTH
calcitonin
what groups are at risk of having phosphorus deficiency?
- starvation
- alchoholics
- anorexic
- respiratory alkalosis
what deficiencies are caused by phosphorus?
- rickets
- osteomalacia
- tingling of extremities
what happens when they is an excessive intake pf phosphorus?
- higher risk of cardiovascular disease
- vascular dysfunction
- chronic kidney disease- failure to excrete
- decreased PTH levels
what are the clinical uses of phosphorus?
- to treat hyperphoshatemia
- hypercalcemia
- kidney stones
- enemas and laxatives
what is the function of magnesium
- acts as a cofactor
- provides structural development to the bones
- synthesis of DNA, RNA
- plays an active role in the transport of calcium and potassium ions across the cell membrane
what are the deficiencies caused by magnesium?
- sleep disorders
- muscle cramps
- menstrual problems
- cold hands and feet
- tachycardia
what are the clinical uses of magnesium?
antacid and laxative
what are the deficienencies caused by sodium?
- fatigue
- headaches
- nausea/ vomiting
- muscle cramps
- high BP
- irritability
- confusion
what are potassium absorbed via?
passive diffusion in small intestine
what are the deficiencies caused by potassium?
- polyuria
- muscular paralysis
- cardiac arrhythmia
- issues with muscle contraction
- encephalopathy in kidney diseases
what happens when they is excessive intake of potassium?
- asymptomatic
- severe muscle weakness
- paralysis
- cardiac arrhythmia
what is sulphur contained in?
methionine and cysteine
what is sulphur needed for?
biosynthesis of 3’-phoshoadenosine 5’ phosphate
what are the deficiencies caused by sulphur?
- imbalance of nitrogen
- protein energy malnutrition
what happens when they is excessive intake of sulphur?
- osmotic diarrhoea
- coughing
- skin and eye irritation
- blurred vision
where is iron found in?
haemoglobin
what is the deficiency caused by iron?
anemia
what is the toxicity of iron?
- nausea
- constipation
- vomiting
- hemochromatosis
what is the function of manganese?
- antioxidant
- wound healing
- bone development
what deficiency is caused by manganese?
- bone demineralisation
- impaired growth
- low fertility
- impaired glucose tolerance
- abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and fats
what is the toxicity of managnese?
- neurological problems
- inflammation of the lungs
what are the functions of copper?
- help with the formation of connective tissues
- normal brain and nervous system function
what are the deficiencies caused by copper?
- anemia
- neutropemia
- bone abnormalities
- hypo pigmentation of hair
- hypotonia
- menkes syndrome
what is the toxicity of copper?
- Low copper levels
- Lower immunity
- Low HDL cholesterol
What is iodine important for?
- Thyroxine
- T3
- Skeletal
- CNS
- Development in foetuses and infant
What are the deficiencies caused by iodine?
- Hypothyroidism
- Myxoedema- lethargy, weight gain
What happens when they are excessive intake of iodine?
- Goiter
- Thyroid cancer
- Burning of mouth
- Vomiting
Where is fluoride found in?
bone and teeth
What are the functions of fluoride?
- Hardens tooth enamel
- Stabilises bone mineral
- Decreases formation of cavity
What is the deficiency caused by fluoride?
- Increased risk of dental problems
What is the toxicity of fluoride?
- Upset GI
- Joint pain in the lower extremities
- Dental and skeletal fluorosis
What gender needs more of selenium?
males
Where is the selenium are found in males?
- Half in testicles and seminal ducts
What is selenium deficiency?
- Keshan disease
- Kashin back
What happens when they are excessive selenium?
- Garlic breath
- Metallic taste in mouth
- Brittle hair and nails
- Discoloured teeth
