protein lecture 3 Flashcards
what is the Gibbs free energy?
maximum energy of a reaction
what is an enthalpy?
internal energy
what is an entropy?
a disorder
what is it when the energy proceeds?
exergonic
what is it when the energy is reversed?
endergonic
if a reaction is endergonic the change in Gibbs free energy is?
positive
what are the examples of the standard state conditions?
reactants and products at 1 molar concentrations
pressure of all gases at 1 atmosphere
temperature is 25c
PH7
under the standard state conditions what temperature are the reactions performed?
25
if a reaction is at the equilibrium what is the Gibbs free energy?
zero
how can Keq be described as?
products/ reactants
what happens in a reaction coupling?
the exergonic reaction drive endergonic reaction.
what is ATP hydrolysis?
exergonic
what is included in the ATPase Assay?
ATP hydrolysis
2x enzymes : pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase
3x reagents: ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate and NADH
what reaction is the ATP synthesis?
endergonic
what happens when they have a more positive E0?
stronger oxidising agent - electron acceptor
weaker reducing agent
what happens when they is more negative E0 ?
weaker oxidizing agent
stronger reducing agent- electron donor.
what does the ETC promote?
H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial inner membrane
what does RCC1 uses?
NADH
what does RCCII uses?
FADH2
how much ATP/NADH produced from RCCI?
2.5
how much ATP/FADH2 is produced from RCCII?
1.5
what is the ratio in the bioenergetics?
NADH and FADH2 - Phosphate to Oxygen Ratio (P:O)
what is included and produced in the RCCI ?
- Complex I (Pumps 4 x H+)
- Complex III (Pumps 2 x H+)
- Complex IV (Pumps 4 x H+) = 10 x H
What is included and produced in the RCCII?
Complex II (Not a pump)
- Complex III (Pumps 2 x H+)
- Complex IV (Pumps 4 x H+) = 6 x H+
where is the insulin from?
pancreatic B cells
what is the insulin released with?
high blood glucose
where is the glucagon from?
pancreatic a cells
what is glucagon released with?
low blood glucose
what does glucagon do?
decreases insulin inhibition
releases signal via hypothalamus.
where is the epinephrine from?
adrenal medulla and nerve endings
where is the cortisol from?
adrenal cortex
what is insulin from pancreatic B cells stimulated by?
ATP
what are the steps of the insulin release ?
1) Glucokinase (In glycolysis)
Response to [glucose]
2) ATP produced in mitochondria
3) ATP-sensitive potassium channels close
4) Charge across the membrane (Ψ) changes
5) Calcium gates open
6) Insulin vesicles fuse with membrane
7) Insulin released into blood
what is caused by SGLT1?
severe diarrhoea and weight loss
what is caused by GLUT1?
nervous system disorders
what is caused by GLUT2?
falcon-bickel syndrome and NIDDM
what does GLUT4 causes?
NIDDM
what does GLUT5 causes?
fructose intolerance
