protein lecture 3

Question 1

what is the Gibbs free energy?

Answer 1

maximum energy of a reaction

Question 2

what is an enthalpy?

Answer 2

internal energy

Question 3

what is an entropy?

Answer 3

a disorder

Question 4

what is it when the energy proceeds?

Answer 4

exergonic

Question 5

what is it when the energy is reversed?

Answer 5

endergonic

Question 6

if a reaction is endergonic the change in Gibbs free energy is?

Answer 6

positive

Question 7

what are the examples of the standard state conditions?

Answer 7

reactants and products at 1 molar concentrations

pressure of all gases at 1 atmosphere

temperature is 25c

PH7

Question 8

under the standard state conditions what temperature are the reactions performed?

Answer 8

25

Question 9

if a reaction is at the equilibrium what is the Gibbs free energy?

Answer 9

zero

Question 10

how can Keq be described as?

Answer 10

products/ reactants

Question 11

what happens in a reaction coupling?

Answer 11

the exergonic reaction drive endergonic reaction.

Question 12

what is ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 12

exergonic

Question 13

what is included in the ATPase Assay?

Answer 13

ATP hydrolysis

2x enzymes : pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase

3x reagents: ATP, phosphoenolpyruvate and NADH

Question 14

what reaction is the ATP synthesis?

Answer 14

endergonic

Question 15

what happens when they have a more positive E0?

Answer 15

stronger oxidising agent - electron acceptor

weaker reducing agent

Question 16

what happens when they is more negative E0 ?

Answer 16

weaker oxidizing agent

stronger reducing agent- electron donor.

Question 17

what does the ETC promote?

Answer 17

H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 18

what does RCC1 uses?

Answer 18

NADH

Question 19

what does RCCII uses?

Answer 19

FADH2

Question 20

how much ATP/NADH produced from RCCI?

Answer 20

2.5

Question 21

how much ATP/FADH2 is produced from RCCII?

Answer 21

1.5

Question 22

what is the ratio in the bioenergetics?

Answer 22

NADH and FADH2 - Phosphate to Oxygen Ratio (P:O)

Question 23

what is included and produced in the RCCI ?

Answer 23

• Complex I (Pumps 4 x H+)
• Complex III (Pumps 2 x H+)
• Complex IV (Pumps 4 x H+) = 10 x H

Question 24

What is included and produced in the RCCII?

Answer 24

Complex II (Not a pump)

• Complex III (Pumps 2 x H+)
• Complex IV (Pumps 4 x H+) = 6 x H+

Question 25

where is the insulin from?

Answer 25

pancreatic B cells

Question 26

what is the insulin released with?

Answer 26

high blood glucose

Question 27

where is the glucagon from?

Answer 27

pancreatic a cells

Question 28

what is glucagon released with?

Answer 28

low blood glucose

Question 29

what does glucagon do?

Answer 29

decreases insulin inhibition

releases signal via hypothalamus.

Question 30

where is the epinephrine from?

Answer 30

adrenal medulla and nerve endings

Question 31

where is the cortisol from?

Answer 31

adrenal cortex

Question 32

what is insulin from pancreatic B cells stimulated by?

Answer 32

ATP

Question 33

what are the steps of the insulin release ?

Answer 33

1) Glucokinase (In glycolysis)
Response to [glucose]

2) ATP produced in mitochondria

3) ATP-sensitive potassium channels close

4) Charge across the membrane (Ψ) changes

5) Calcium gates open

6) Insulin vesicles fuse with membrane

7) Insulin released into blood

Question 34

what is caused by SGLT1?

Answer 34

severe diarrhoea and weight loss

Question 35

what is caused by GLUT1?

Answer 35

nervous system disorders

Question 36

what is caused by GLUT2?

Answer 36

falcon-bickel syndrome and NIDDM

Question 37

what does GLUT4 causes?

Answer 37

NIDDM

Question 38

what does GLUT5 causes?

Answer 38

fructose intolerance