lipid metabolism 4

Question 1

what are the 6 types of chemical signal transmission?

Answer 1

1. contact dependent
2. autocrine
3. paracrine
4. synaptic
5. gap junction
6. endocrine

Question 2

what is contact dependent signalling?

Answer 2

is a type of cell- cel or cell extracellular matrix signalling in multicellular organisms that require close contact.

Question 3

what is autocrine signalling?

Answer 3

is a type of signalling which the cell secretes hormones or chemical messengers which binds to the autorcrine receptor on the same cell which leads to changes in the cell.

Question 4

what is paracrine signalling?

Answer 4

it is a type of cellular communication which the cell produces a signal to make changes to nearby cells.

Question 5

what is synaptic signalling?

Answer 5

it is similar to paracrine as it receives the signals.

Question 6

what is the special structure within the paracrine signalling and where is it?

Answer 6

synapse and it is between the cells.

Question 7

what are gap junctions?

Answer 7

are cluster of intracellular channels that allow diffusion of ions and small molecules between the adjacent cells.

Question 8

what is endocrine signalling?

Answer 8

is a type of long distance communication between the hormones that produces cells, tissues and glands and cells that express hormone receptor molecules.

Question 9

what is negative feedback loop?

Answer 9

it is when the product of the reaction leads to a decrease in that particular reaction.

Question 10

what is an example of negative feedback?

Answer 10

regulation of blood calcium levels.

Question 11

how do hormones mainly transmit their signal?

Answer 11

endocrine

Question 12

what is the target of corticotrophin (ACTH) ?

Answer 12

ADRENAL CORTEX

Question 13

what is Gonadotropin- releasing hormone secreted from?

Answer 13

hypothalamus

Question 14

what does hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 14

CRH protein

Question 15

what does CRH stimulate?

Answer 15

pituitary corticotropin ( ACTH).

Question 16

what does corticotrophin stimulate?

Answer 16

adrenal cortex and cortisol production

Question 17

what does corticotropin stimulate production of adrenal cortex and cortisol via?

Answer 17

1. interaction with G- protein coupled receptor
2. cAMP production- stimulation
3. activation of cholesterol esterase
4. cholesterol to cortisol
5. hydrolysis of cholesterol esters to free fatty acids and cholesterol.

Question 18

what is cortisol secreted by?

Answer 18

adrenal cortex

Question 19

what does hypothalamus secretes?

Answer 19

GnRH

Question 20

what does FSH stimulate?

Answer 20

ovarian

Question 21

what is E2 secreted by?

Answer 21

ovaries

Question 22

what are five major classes of essential signalling molecules?

Answer 22

1. progestogen
2. androgens
3. oestrogen’s
4. glucocorticoids
5. mineralocortoids

Question 23

what does progestogen do?

Answer 23

prepares the uterus for implantation and supports pregnancy.

Question 24

what is an example of androgens?

Answer 24

testosterone

Question 25

what does testosterone do?

Answer 25

male sexual behaviour and lean muscle mass

Question 26

what is an example of oestrogen?

Answer 26

estradiol

Question 27

what is estradiol?

Answer 27

female sex characteristics

Question 28

what is an example of glucocorticoids?

Answer 28

cortisol

Question 29

what does cortisol do?

Answer 29

inhibits inflammation

Question 30

what is an example of mineralocorticoids?

Answer 30

aldosterone

Question 31

what does aldosterone do?

Answer 31

regulate salt balance and blood volume and pressure.

Question 32

what happens from cholesterol to pregenolone?

Answer 32

1. P450 enzyme is catalysed into two hyroxyations (OH)

Question 33

what happens from cholesterol to pregenolone?

Answer 33

1. P450 enzyme is catalysed into two hyroxyations (OH) it is cleaved by the cholesterol 20,22 desmolase

Question 34

from pregneolone to various steroid hormone what is it biosynthesised by?

Answer 34

hydroxylations

Question 35

what does steroid hormone regulate?

Answer 35

gene expression

Question 36

what does steroid hormone do?

Answer 36

diffuse across membranes and bind to nuclear hormone receptors.

Question 37

what are the examples of steroid hormone?

Answer 37

estradiol

Question 38

what does estradiol do?

Answer 38

controls the genes for the development of the female.

Question 39

what does oestrogen receptor has?

Answer 39

since based DNA binding domain

Question 40

what does oestrogen receptor binds to?

Answer 40

oestrogen response element on the DNA

Question 41

what is an tamoxifen?

Answer 41

anti- cancer drug

Question 42

what does tamoxifen do?

Answer 42

inhibits cell growth

Question 43

what does helix 12 do?

Answer 43

blocks coactivator- binding

Question 44

what causes Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 44

over production of cortisol high blood sugar, pressure and stress

Question 45

what are the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 45

1. obesity- in the torso 2. high blood pressure 3. high blood sugar 4. skin brusies easily 5. muscle weakness

Question 46

what are the treatment of Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 46

removes source of cortisol

Question 47

what is the cause of Addison disease?

Answer 47

low aldosterone and cortisol

Question 48

what are the symptoms of Addison disease?

Answer 48

1. weight loss 2. fatigue 3. muscle weakness 4. abdominal pain 5. dark patches of skin 6. low blood pressure 7. nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea

Question 49

what are the treatments of Addison disease?

Answer 49

aldosterone and cortisol hormone replacement.

Question 50

what are the causes of androgen excess?

Answer 50

high androgen- male hormone

Question 51

what are the symptoms of androgen excess?

Answer 51

1. irregular periods 2. excessive hair growth 3. weight gain 4. oily hair or ance

Question 52

what are the treatments of androgen excess?

Answer 52

controlling symptoms

Question 53

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 53

enlarged adrenal gland at birth

Question 54

what are the causes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 54

glucocorticoid deficiency- mostly in 21 hydroxyls deficiency.

Question 55

what are the symptoms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 55

1. enlarged adrenal gland at birth 2. the body finding it difficult to deal with stress 3. increased androgen

Question 56

what are the treatments for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 56

cortisol and or aldosterone HRT

Question 57

what are the causes of menopause?

Answer 57

decreased estrogen

Question 58

what are the symptoms of menopause?

Answer 58

menstruation ceases unpleasant physical and emotional symptoms

Question 59

what are the treatments for menopause?

Answer 59

HRT of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 60

what does agonist activate?

Answer 60

nuclear hormone receptor

Question 61

what does antagonists inhibit?

Answer 61

nuclear hormone receptors.

Question 62

what are the two major classes of steroid drugs?

Answer 62

1. cortical steroids 2. anabolic steroids

Question 63

what is cortical steroid?

Answer 63

artificial version of adrenal hormones

Question 64

what does cortical steroids do?

Answer 64

reduces immune system activity decreases inflammation

Question 65

what is cortical steroids used to treat?

Answer 65

1. asthma 2. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3. hay fever, hives and eczema 4. pain 5. inflammatory bowel disease 6, multiple sclerosis

Question 66

what does anabolic steroids do?

Answer 66

1. mimics testosterone 2. promotes increase in muscle size 3. decreases fat 4. increases strength and speed

Question 67

what is anabolic steroids used to treat?

Answer 67

Hormone problems in men Delayed puberty Muscle loss from disease

Question 68

what are the examples of anabolic steroids?

Answer 68

1. androgens 2. androstenediones 3. dianabol

Question 69

what are the dangers of high dosage of anabolic steroids?

Answer 69

Acne increase aggression mood swings paranoia high cholesterol increased heart attack and stroke liver and kidney problems

Question 70

what are the dangers of high dosage of anabolic steroids in males?

Answer 70

decrease libido decrease testicle size lower sperm counts.

Question 71

what are the dangers of high dosage of anabolic steroids in females?

Answer 71

increase libido loss of breasts facial hair growth hair loss irregular periods.