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XY1110 > lipid metabolism 4 > Flashcards

lipid metabolism 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 types of chemical signal transmission?

A
  1. contact dependent
  2. autocrine
  3. paracrine
  4. synaptic
  5. gap junction
  6. endocrine
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2
Q

what is contact dependent signalling?

A

is a type of cell- cel or cell extracellular matrix signalling in multicellular organisms that require close contact.

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3
Q

what is autocrine signalling?

A

is a type of signalling which the cell secretes hormones or chemical messengers which binds to the autorcrine receptor on the same cell which leads to changes in the cell.

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4
Q

what is paracrine signalling?

A

it is a type of cellular communication which the cell produces a signal to make changes to nearby cells.

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5
Q

what is synaptic signalling?

A

it is similar to paracrine as it receives the signals.

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6
Q

what is the special structure within the paracrine signalling and where is it?

A

synapse and it is between the cells.

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7
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

are cluster of intracellular channels that allow diffusion of ions and small molecules between the adjacent cells.

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8
Q

what is endocrine signalling?

A

is a type of long distance communication between the hormones that produces cells, tissues and glands and cells that express hormone receptor molecules.

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9
Q

what is negative feedback loop?

A

it is when the product of the reaction leads to a decrease in that particular reaction.

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10
Q

what is an example of negative feedback?

A

regulation of blood calcium levels.

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11
Q

how do hormones mainly transmit their signal?

A

endocrine

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12
Q

what is the target of corticotrophin (ACTH) ?

A

ADRENAL CORTEX

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13
Q

what is Gonadotropin- releasing hormone secreted from?

A

hypothalamus

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14
Q

what does hypothalamus secrete?

A

CRH protein

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15
Q

what does CRH stimulate?

A

pituitary corticotropin ( ACTH).

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16
Q

what does corticotrophin stimulate?

A

adrenal cortex and cortisol production

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17
Q

what does corticotropin stimulate production of adrenal cortex and cortisol via?

A
  1. interaction with G- protein coupled receptor
  2. cAMP production- stimulation
  3. activation of cholesterol esterase
  4. cholesterol to cortisol
  5. hydrolysis of cholesterol esters to free fatty acids and cholesterol.
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18
Q

what is cortisol secreted by?

A

adrenal cortex

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19
Q

what does hypothalamus secretes?

A

GnRH

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20
Q

what does FSH stimulate?

A

ovarian

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21
Q

what is E2 secreted by?

A

ovaries

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22
Q

what are five major classes of essential signalling molecules?

A
  1. progestogen
  2. androgens
  3. oestrogen’s
  4. glucocorticoids
  5. mineralocortoids
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23
Q

what does progestogen do?

A

prepares the uterus for implantation and supports pregnancy.

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24
Q

what is an example of androgens?

A

testosterone

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25
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

male sexual behaviour and lean muscle mass

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26
Q

what is an example of oestrogen?

A

estradiol

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27
Q

what is estradiol?

A

female sex characteristics

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28
Q

what is an example of glucocorticoids?

A

cortisol

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29
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

inhibits inflammation

30
Q

what is an example of mineralocorticoids?

A

aldosterone

31
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

regulate salt balance and blood volume and pressure.

32
Q

what happens from cholesterol to pregenolone?

A
  1. P450 enzyme is catalysed into two hyroxyations (OH)
33
Q

what happens from cholesterol to pregenolone?

A
  1. P450 enzyme is catalysed into two hyroxyations (OH)

it is cleaved by the cholesterol 20,22 desmolase

34
Q

from pregneolone to various steroid hormone what is it biosynthesised by?

A

hydroxylations

35
Q

what does steroid hormone regulate?

A

gene expression

36
Q

what does steroid hormone do?

A

diffuse across membranes and bind to nuclear hormone receptors.

37
Q

what are the examples of steroid hormone?

A

estradiol

38
Q

what does estradiol do?

A

controls the genes for the development of the female.

39
Q

what does oestrogen receptor has?

A

since based DNA binding domain

40
Q

what does oestrogen receptor binds to?

A

oestrogen response element on the DNA

41
Q

what is an tamoxifen?

A

anti- cancer drug

42
Q

what does tamoxifen do?

A

inhibits cell growth

43
Q

what does helix 12 do?

A

blocks coactivator- binding

44
Q

what causes Cushing’s syndrome?

A

over production of cortisol

high blood sugar, pressure and stress

45
Q

what are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  1. obesity- in the torso
  2. high blood pressure
  3. high blood sugar
  4. skin brusies easily
  5. muscle weakness
46
Q

what are the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

removes source of cortisol

47
Q

what is the cause of Addison disease?

A

low aldosterone and cortisol

48
Q

what are the symptoms of Addison disease?

A
  1. weight loss
  2. fatigue
  3. muscle weakness
  4. abdominal pain
  5. dark patches of skin
  6. low blood pressure
  7. nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
49
Q

what are the treatments of Addison disease?

A

aldosterone and cortisol hormone replacement.

50
Q

what are the causes of androgen excess?

A

high androgen- male hormone

51
Q

what are the symptoms of androgen excess?

A
  1. irregular periods
  2. excessive hair growth
  3. weight gain
  4. oily hair or ance
52
Q

what are the treatments of androgen excess?

A

controlling symptoms

53
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

enlarged adrenal gland at birth

54
Q

what are the causes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

glucocorticoid deficiency- mostly in 21 hydroxyls deficiency.

55
Q

what are the symptoms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A
  1. enlarged adrenal gland at birth
  2. the body finding it difficult to deal with stress
  3. increased androgen
56
Q

what are the treatments for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

cortisol and or aldosterone HRT

57
Q

what are the causes of menopause?

A

decreased estrogen

58
Q

what are the symptoms of menopause?

A

menstruation ceases

unpleasant physical and emotional symptoms

59
Q

what are the treatments for menopause?

A

HRT of oestrogen and progesterone

60
Q

what does agonist activate?

A

nuclear hormone receptor

61
Q

what does antagonists inhibit?

A

nuclear hormone receptors.

62
Q

what are the two major classes of steroid drugs?

A
  1. cortical steroids
  2. anabolic steroids
63
Q

what is cortical steroid?

A

artificial version of adrenal hormones

64
Q

what does cortical steroids do?

A

reduces immune system activity

decreases inflammation

65
Q

what is cortical steroids used to treat?

A
  1. asthma
  2. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  3. hay fever, hives and eczema
  4. pain
  5. inflammatory bowel disease

6, multiple sclerosis

66
Q

what does anabolic steroids do?

A
  1. mimics testosterone
  2. promotes increase in muscle size
  3. decreases fat
  4. increases strength and speed
67
Q

what is anabolic steroids used to treat?

A

Hormone problems in men
Delayed puberty
Muscle loss from disease

68
Q

what are the examples of anabolic steroids?

A
  1. androgens
  2. androstenediones
  3. dianabol
69
Q

what are the dangers of high dosage of anabolic steroids?

A

Acne

increase aggression

mood swings

paranoia

high cholesterol

increased heart attack and stroke

liver and kidney problems

70
Q

what are the dangers of high dosage of anabolic steroids in males?

A

decrease libido

decrease testicle size

lower sperm counts.

71
Q

what are the dangers of high dosage of anabolic steroids in females?

A

increase libido

loss of breasts

facial hair growth

hair loss

irregular periods.

XY1110 (30 decks)

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