visual and sensory issues exam 4 Flashcards
what is a hordeolum
A sty
infection of the oil-producing gland in the lid margin
usually caused by bacteria Spah aureus
conjunctivitis
“pink eye”
infection or inflammation of conjunctiva (eyelid)
keratitis
inflammation or infection of the cornea
etiology of keratitis
bacteria - contact lens wearers higher risk
amoeba - contaminated contact lens
viral - herpes virus
complications of keratitis
extremely painful
constant feeling of something in your eye
can lead to blindness
keraconjunctivitis sicca
dry eye disorder
-complaint of “sand in my eye”
etiology dry eye
aging, Sjogren’s syndrome, other systemic
what are cataracts
cloudy lens
gradual onset of painless blurry vision
if left untreated may end in blindness
risk factors for cataracts
older age eye trauma congenital risk diabetes corticosteroid use smoking and ETOH consumption
manifestations of cataracts
painless uni- or bilateral vision changes -blurry -halo around lights -altered color perceptions -glare issues at night -decreased accomodation
diabetic retinopathy
about 40% of pt. with DM over the age of 40 have DM retinopathy
what is nonproliferative retinopathy
capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate
macular edema - plasma leaks from macular blood vessels
capillaries rupture, leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging
proliferative retinopathy
nonproliferative plus
new blood vessels that are fragile and leaky
hypertensive retinopathy
high blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels
-initially there is no vision changes
what can severe HTN cause
sudden visual loss related to swelling of the optic disc and nerve
detached retina
retina has a tear or leak
vitreous humor flows behind retina
rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid
causes of detached retina
more likely in people who has myopia (nearsightedness)
over 40
traumas to the head
manifestations of detached retina
sudden, unilateral vision loss
painless
may see floaters
flashes of light
what is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60
macular degeneration
risk factors for macular degeneration
family history, genetics, UV light, hyperopia (farsightedness), smoking, light-colored eyes
what is a food that is seen as protection against macular degeneration
dark green leafy veggies
dry macular degeneration
yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium
wet macular degeneration
growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina
S/S of macular degeneration
early on - usually no symptoms
later: blurred, darkened vision
- blind spots
- distorted vision
treatment is limited
glaucoma
elevated intraocular pressure PLUS vision changes OR optic nerve damage
usually bilateral eye involvement
open angle glaucoma pathogenesis
abnormal trabecular meshwork
- reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of Schlemm
- imbalance between inflow and outflow
results in increased IOP and vision problems
closed angle glaucoma
abnormal angle between the iris and later cornea
outflow is blocked when the pupil is DILATED
risk factors of open angle glaucoma
elevated IOP age - older race: african-americans family history myopia (nearsightedness) DM, HTN, migraines
Manifestations of open angle glaucoma
none usually progressive loss of sight vague eye pain halos around lights tunnel vision
risk factors of closed angle glaucoma
asian american females hyperopia (farsightedness) family history olderage
what can trigger an acute episode of closed angle glaucoma
anticholinergic drugs
acute closed angle glaucoma manifestations
unilateral severe eye pain nausea and vomiting blurry vision, halos reddened eyes dilated pupil cloudy cornea
how do you keep optic topical agent localized
use nasolacrimal pressure
hold pressure for 2 min
what are the optic topical beta blockers
timolol [nonselective] and betaxolol [B1 receptor]
MOA for timolol & betaxolol
block sympathetic nervous system stimulation of beta receptors
indication for timolol & betaxolol
open angle glaucoma maintenance treatment
acute angle closure - need drops asap + other intervention
SE for timolol & betaxolol
transient burning & discomfort
considerations for timolol & betaxolol
timolol - can not give to COPD, asthma, heart issues
must use nasolacrimal pressure
what drug is a prostaglandin analog
latanoprost
MOA for latanoprost
increases outflow drainage of aqueous humor
indications for latanoprost
open angle glaucoma
ocular hypertension
SE of latanoprost
well tolerated
drug in alpha-adrenergic agonist class
brimonidine
MOA of brimonidine
decreases AH production, may increase drainage/outflow
indication for brimonidine
used for open-angle glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure
SE of brimonidine
burning/stinging
dry mouth
fatigue, H/A, blurred vision, hypotension
drugs in carbonic anhydrase inhibitor class
dozolamide
MOA for dozolamide
decreased production of aqueous humor
Indications for dozolamide
second-line treatment for open angle and increased IOP
SE of dozolamide
stinging
bitter taste
allergic reactions
meniere disease
endolymphatic hydrops
episodic disorder of middle ear
excessive pressure can disrupt vestibular and hearing function
