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My NUR 325 Flash Cards > visual and sensory issues exam 4 > Flashcards

visual and sensory issues exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hordeolum

A

A sty
infection of the oil-producing gland in the lid margin

usually caused by bacteria Spah aureus

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2
Q

conjunctivitis

A

“pink eye”

infection or inflammation of conjunctiva (eyelid)

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3
Q

keratitis

A

inflammation or infection of the cornea

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4
Q

etiology of keratitis

A

bacteria - contact lens wearers higher risk

amoeba - contaminated contact lens

viral - herpes virus

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5
Q

complications of keratitis

A

extremely painful
constant feeling of something in your eye
can lead to blindness

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6
Q

keraconjunctivitis sicca

A

dry eye disorder

-complaint of “sand in my eye”

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7
Q

etiology dry eye

A

aging, Sjogren’s syndrome, other systemic

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8
Q

what are cataracts

A

cloudy lens
gradual onset of painless blurry vision
if left untreated may end in blindness

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9
Q

risk factors for cataracts

A 
older age
eye trauma 
congenital risk 
diabetes 
corticosteroid use 
smoking and ETOH consumption
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10
Q

manifestations of cataracts

A 
painless
uni- or bilateral vision changes 
-blurry
-halo around lights
-altered color perceptions
-glare issues at night
-decreased accomodation
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11
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

about 40% of pt. with DM over the age of 40 have DM retinopathy

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12
Q

what is nonproliferative retinopathy

A

capillary microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudate
macular edema - plasma leaks from macular blood vessels
capillaries rupture, leading to “dot or blot” hemorrhaging

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13
Q

proliferative retinopathy

A

nonproliferative plus

new blood vessels that are fragile and leaky

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14
Q

hypertensive retinopathy

A

high blood pressure creates blockages in retinal blood vessels
-initially there is no vision changes

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15
Q

what can severe HTN cause

A

sudden visual loss related to swelling of the optic disc and nerve

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16
Q

detached retina

A

retina has a tear or leak
vitreous humor flows behind retina
rapid, progressive detachment from the choroid

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17
Q

causes of detached retina

A

more likely in people who has myopia (nearsightedness)
over 40
traumas to the head

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18
Q

manifestations of detached retina

A

sudden, unilateral vision loss
painless
may see floaters
flashes of light

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19
Q

what is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in people over 60

A

macular degeneration

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20
Q

risk factors for macular degeneration

A

family history, genetics, UV light, hyperopia (farsightedness), smoking, light-colored eyes

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21
Q

what is a food that is seen as protection against macular degeneration

A

dark green leafy veggies

22
Q

dry macular degeneration

A

yellow deposits in the retinal pigment epithelium

23
Q

wet macular degeneration

A

growth of new, leaky blood vessels in an abnormal location of the retina

24
Q

S/S of macular degeneration

A

early on - usually no symptoms

later: blurred, darkened vision
- blind spots
- distorted vision

treatment is limited

25
Q

glaucoma

A

elevated intraocular pressure PLUS vision changes OR optic nerve damage

usually bilateral eye involvement

26
Q

open angle glaucoma pathogenesis

A

abnormal trabecular meshwork

  • reduced drainage of aqueous humor into canal of Schlemm
  • imbalance between inflow and outflow

results in increased IOP and vision problems

27
Q

closed angle glaucoma

A

abnormal angle between the iris and later cornea

outflow is blocked when the pupil is DILATED

28
Q

risk factors of open angle glaucoma

A 
elevated IOP 
age - older
race: african-americans 
family history 
myopia (nearsightedness)
DM, HTN, migraines
29
Q

Manifestations of open angle glaucoma

A 
none usually 
progressive loss of sight 
vague eye pain
halos around lights 
tunnel vision
30
Q

risk factors of closed angle glaucoma

A 
asian american 
females 
hyperopia (farsightedness)
family history 
olderage
31
Q

what can trigger an acute episode of closed angle glaucoma

A

anticholinergic drugs

32
Q

acute closed angle glaucoma manifestations

A 
unilateral 
severe eye pain
nausea and vomiting 
blurry vision, halos 
reddened eyes 
dilated pupil 
cloudy cornea
33
Q

how do you keep optic topical agent localized

A

use nasolacrimal pressure

hold pressure for 2 min

34
Q

what are the optic topical beta blockers

A

timolol [nonselective] and betaxolol [B1 receptor]

35
Q

MOA for timolol & betaxolol

A

block sympathetic nervous system stimulation of beta receptors

36
Q

indication for timolol & betaxolol

A

open angle glaucoma maintenance treatment

acute angle closure - need drops asap + other intervention

37
Q

SE for timolol & betaxolol

A

transient burning & discomfort

38
Q

considerations for timolol & betaxolol

A

timolol - can not give to COPD, asthma, heart issues

must use nasolacrimal pressure

39
Q

what drug is a prostaglandin analog

A

latanoprost

40
Q

MOA for latanoprost

A

increases outflow drainage of aqueous humor

41
Q

indications for latanoprost

A

open angle glaucoma

ocular hypertension

42
Q

SE of latanoprost

A

well tolerated

43
Q

drug in alpha-adrenergic agonist class

A

brimonidine

44
Q

MOA of brimonidine

A

decreases AH production, may increase drainage/outflow

45
Q

indication for brimonidine

A

used for open-angle glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure

46
Q

SE of brimonidine

A

burning/stinging
dry mouth
fatigue, H/A, blurred vision, hypotension

47
Q

drugs in carbonic anhydrase inhibitor class

A

dozolamide

48
Q

MOA for dozolamide

A

decreased production of aqueous humor

49
Q

Indications for dozolamide

A

second-line treatment for open angle and increased IOP

50
Q

SE of dozolamide

A

stinging
bitter taste
allergic reactions

51
Q

meniere disease

A

endolymphatic hydrops
episodic disorder of middle ear
excessive pressure can disrupt vestibular and hearing function

My NUR 325 Flash Cards (25 decks)

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