Skin Disorders Exam 3 Flashcards
what type of fungus is transmitted through implementation
Tineas
what type of fungus is transmitted through inhalation
cryptococcal
what type of fungus is transmitted through taking antibiotics
candidiasis
fungal infections that are superficial
mycoses or dermatophytes
types of common fungi
yeast = candida albicans
superficial dermatophytes = tineas
-lives on keratinized tissues of skin, hair, nails
description of tinea pedis
dry, scaling pruritic lesions
may only affect skin in the web space between toes
risk factors: coming into contact with infected skin or fungus in the environment
treatment: topical antifungals
description of tinea capitis
can affect scalp, eyebrows, or eyelashes
- scaly erythematous lesions and hair loss
- may cause permanent alopecia
treatment:
Po systemic anti-fungals bid for 4-6 weeks
topicals are not effective
tinea versicolor
Ringworm that affects the skin of the upper chest, back, or arms
-caused by a type of yeast that lives naturally on your skin
risk factors: hot climate, sweating a lot, oily skin, weakened immune system, NOT CONTAGIOUS
characteristics: acidic bleach from the growing yeast causes skin discoloration
treatment: topical antifungals including shampoos
description of candidiasis: thrush/yeast infections
risk factors: immunosuppression, antibiotic use
appearance: may appear as white lesions in the mouth
- beefy red with satellite lesions in intertriginous areas
treatment: topical anti-fungal agents
what is histoplasmosis
fungal infection that mostly affects lungs
histoplasma capsulatum - fungus that lives in the soil
occurs around 10 days after exposure
symptoms: usually self-limiting and stays in the lungs
treatment: usually none; systemic antifungals
what is blastomycosis
caused by blastomyces fungus
typically affects lungs
acquired by breathing in the spores - AIRBORNE
symptoms appear 3 weeks to 3 months after exposure
most people do NOT get sick - flu like symptoms
treatment: systemic antifungals for severe cases for 6 months to 1 year
what is pneumocystis
causes a form of pneumonia: pneumocystis pneumonia
risk factors: immunocompromised
cause: fungus is common in the environment; AIRBORNE
symptoms: mild, flu-like, pleuritic chest pain, fatigue
treatment: usually combination of 2 IV antifungals and corticosteroids
Cryptococcus meningitis
fungus found in soil bird droppings
infection in the meninges - rare in healthy people
occurs in a few days to weeks from contact
symptoms: nausea/vomiting, change in mental status, lethargy, sensitivity to light
Treatment IV/PO antifungals
cryptococcus: pulmonary infection
acquired from inhalation of the fungus found in soil
causes a severe pneumonia with respiratory failure
incubation times vary from 2-11 months after exposure
symptoms: SOB, coughing, fever, mental status changes
treatment: PO/IV antifungals
melasma
dark macules on the face
more common in women
-mask of pregnancy
-oral contraceptives
treatment:
avoid sun
bleaching creams with hydroquinone
tretinoin/retin-A
vitiligo
acquired condition characterized by abnormalities in the production of melanin pigment disappears from a patch of skin occurs suddenly before or around age 21 affected areas spear no treatments
verrucae vulgaris
“common wart”
transmission: low risk of person to person; higher risk with wet
affects children and young adults more commonly
symptoms: usually skin growth identified by person as a wart
treatment: usually self-limited and resolve on own
- cryotherapy, duct tape, topical salicylic acid
Human papilloma virus
considered STD
transmission: oral, vaginal, anal sex
treatment: anti-virals
prevention & early diagnosis:
HPV vaccine
pap smears for women
herpes zoster: shingles
varicella zoster virus lies dormant on a dermatome segment after infection with chickenpox
-becomes reactivated by immunosuppression, stress, or illness
prodrome: burning/tingling along dermatome and then rash develops with vesicles that dry and crust over
complication: post-herpetic neuralgia persistent pain in the area where the rash was
impetigo
bacterial
organisms carried in the nose: staphylococci & streptococci
Acute & CONTAGIOUS
appearance: vesicles, pustules, honey-colored crust on red base
treatment: antibacterial - bactroban
abscess
skin inflamed and red with collection of pus
area often raised with palpable borders
tender
may drain purulent discharge or feel fluctuant (fluid-filled)
treatment: incision & drainage and antibiotics
Furuncle
bacterial infection of HAIR FOLLICLE
treatment: I&D and antibiotics
carbuncle
painful deep swelling of the skin caused by bacteria
treatment: I&D and antibiotics
cellulitis
bacterial infection of skin and surrounding tissues
may be an initial injury or wound that becomes infected and spreads to the surrounding healthy tissue
not contagious
appearance: red, painful, swollen and warm to touch
treatment: PO systemic antibiotics, IV depending on severity
Methicillin resistant staph infection (MRSA)
caused by staph bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics
hospital acquired - invasive procedures
community acquired - often begins as painful boil
transmitted from person to person
high risk - wrestlers, child-care workers, living in crowded conditions
symptoms: warm to touch, purulent drainage, fever, abscess
treatment: hospital acquired - IV
community acquired - bactrim or dicloxacillin
what are the precancerous lesions
actinic keratosis
solar lentigos
actinic keratosis
benign lesions
due to damage by UV rays
common in fair skin persons
rough, scaly, red plaques
solar lentigos
benign lesions
also known as liver/age spots
what are the 3 major types of skin cancer
Basal cell
squamous cell
melanoma
basal cell carcinoma
most common skin cancer in white skinned people
most curable - usually a non-metastasizing
characteristics: nodular form that begins as a small, flesh-colored or pink dome shaped bump
squamous cell carcinoma
2nd most frequent skin cancer
can metastasize
red and scaling
-keratotic, slightly elevated lesion with irregular border usually with shallow chronic ulcer
melanoma
cancer of the melanocytes
malignant cells grow on the skin
risk factors: family history, RED/blonde hair (AWKWARD), presence of freckling on upper back (OPE), history of blistering sun burns before age of 20, working outside job
ABCDE chart
A: asymmetrical B: borders C: colors D: diameter E: evolving
eczema
group of skin conditions that cause the skin to become inflamed or irritated
-NOT contagious
atopic eczema: most common type; inherited tendency to develop eczema, asthma, and hay fever
characteristics: pruritis, rash on face/back of knees/wrists/hands/feet, skin very dry/thickened/scaly, lesions may appear reddish and then turn burn; lesions can ooze & crust over; can be exacerbated by heat, cold, detergents, URI, and stress
treatment for eczema
relieve itching/prevent infection lotions and creams to keep skin moist cold compresses OTC hydrocortisone cream or prescription strength immune modulator medications
stasis dermatitis (chronic venous insufficiency)
found primarily in the lower extremities - venous eczema
cause: poor venous circulation
- more common in people over age of 50
symptoms: redness and scaling present
- edema around ankles is often 1st sign
- ulcerations may develop and a secondary bacterial infection may occur
treatment: compression stockings, elevate feet above the heart, exercise, diuretics for edema, antihistamines for the itching, surgery to repair valves
psoriasis
chronic condition
not contagious
over-active immune system, may be autoimmune
link between psoriasis/obesity/cardiovascular diseases
characteristics: skin cells grow too quickly causing skin to be thick, white, silvery, or have red patches of skin - plaques
treatment: keep skin moist, UV light phototherapy, corticosteroid creams/lotions, topical medications, immune modulating medications
drug-induced skin eruptions
mimics any other skin disorder
appearance: typically, maculo-popular rash, bright red
distribution: usually starts on trunk, speads to limbs, usually does not affect face
- itches and burns
penicillins and cephalosporins are common
urticaria/hives
manifestation of an allergic reaction
characterized by edematous plaques that cause intense itching
lesions are raised pink/red areas surrounded by a paler halo that blanch with pressure
may see swelling of tongue or pharynx
related to histamine - allows fluid to leak into tissues causes edema
common causes: food, drinks, medications - anything people can be allergic to
angioedema
severe form of allergic reaction of urticaria
see thicker lesions from massive transudation of fluid into the dermis/subq tissue
typically affects the lips, periorbital area, hands, feet, penis, scrotum
complications: AIRWAY
