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Psych 3313 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

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1
Q

Two organizational principles of V1

A

Topographical mapping and foveal magnification

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2
Q

Receptive fields maintain antagonistic center around, produced by combining outputs of LGN cells

A

Simple V1 cortical cells

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3
Q

Respond to stimuli shaped like bars or edges that have a particular slant or orientation (particular angle)

A

Simple V1 cortical cells

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4
Q

Processed in left hemisphere (not just right eye)

A

Right VF

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5
Q

Processed in right hemisphere (not just left eye)

A

Left VF

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6
Q

What does the dark do to photoreceptors?

A

Depolarizes. More glutamate

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7
Q

What range does the left eye see?

A

1-8

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8
Q

What wavelength causes the max response in middle cones?

A

530 nm

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9
Q

When the light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina and stint objects can’t be seen sharply. Near sightedness

A

Myopia

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10
Q

How does the lens accommodate for near objects

A

Convex shape

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11
Q

Function similar to horizontal cells

A

Amacrine cells

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12
Q

How does the lens accommodate for far objects

A

Concave shape

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13
Q

Blind spot is created by this

A

Optic disk

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14
Q

Two types of this cell: diffuse (peripheral) and midget (fovea)

A

Bipolar cells

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15
Q

Represents brightness

A

Amplitude

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16
Q

Hardening of the lens. The capsule that encircles the lens becomes less elastic as well. Harder to focus on close things. Old sight

A

Presbyopia

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17
Q

Receptive fields replicate the info passed to them by the bipolar cells. Max response to dots of specific size. Sensitive to contrast

A

Ganglion cells

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18
Q

Colored area. Contains muscles that control the pupil

A

Iris

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19
Q

Most detail and best perception of color in this type of vision

A

Central vision

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20
Q

Long cone defect

A

Protoanomalous

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21
Q

Transparent disk that uses accommodation to focus light rays for near of far distances

A

Lens

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22
Q

Part of environment registered on retina

A

Visual field

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23
Q

No short cone

A

Tritanope

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24
Q

Integrate info from photoreceptors close to one another and communicate through graded potentials with bipolar cells

A

horizontal cells

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25
Q

Why is the cell depolarized in the dark?

A

Sodium channels are kept open by cGMP. Na+ is allowed in in the dark

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26
Q

Organizational principle of V1. Locations on retina and LGN correspond to locations in V1

A

Topographical mapping

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27
Q

How many cells in the visual cortex

A

200 million

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28
Q

Receives input from M ganglion cells. Respond best to large, fast moving objects

A

Magnocelluar LGN layers

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29
Q

What is light?

A

Particle and a wave. Moving waves of photons

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30
Q

How many other cortical areas participate in visual processing other than V1?

A

At least 12

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31
Q

How many ganglion cells are there and what does this mean for how they respond to photoreceptors?

A

1 million. They respond to many photoreceptors

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32
Q

What are the wavelengths for the visible light spectrum?

A

400-800 nm

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33
Q

Shows preferred stimulus size and orientation but not location within the visual field. Sensitive to unidirectional movement

A

Complex V1 cortical cells

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34
Q

What is akinetopsia? What is it associated with?

A

Cant process motion. Dorsal stream

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35
Q

No medium cone

A

Deuteranope

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36
Q

How do on center and off center cells work?

A

On center = light in center: depolarized. Light in surround: hyperpolarized.
Off center = Light in center: hyperpolarized. Light in surround: depolarized

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37
Q

How does light need to behave in complex V1 cortical cells?

A

It must be moving and in a certain direction

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38
Q

Four parts of a hyper column

A

Orientation columns, ocular dominance column, movement, and color

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39
Q

Back opening that lets in light

A

Pupil

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40
Q

Optic nerve target that is the pacemaker for circadian rhythms. Regulates sleep/wake cycles and receives small numbers of retinal axons

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus

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41
Q

Represents color or shades of gray

A

Wavelength

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42
Q

What type of potentials are produced by photoreceptors?

A

Graded potentials, not AP

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43
Q

Why is it harder to focus when you get older?

A

The lens hardens

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44
Q

Has 6 distinct stacked layers, keeps input from each eye separate, modifies flow of info based on levels of alertness

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus

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45
Q

Larger receptive fields with no off regions

A

Complex V1 cortical cells

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46
Q

What happens to the shape of retinal when it is exposed to photons?

A

It straightens

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47
Q

What does having more types of cones cause?

A

A poorer ability to discriminate colors, it does not make it better

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48
Q

Receive input from P ganglion cells. Respond best to fine spatial details of stationary objects

A

Parvocellular LGN layers

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49
Q

What wavelength causes the max response in rods?

A

502 nm

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50
Q

What range does the right eye see?

A

2-9

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51
Q

What does bright light lead to?

A

Greater hyperpolarization

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52
Q

Organizational principle of V1. Central vision has more brain representation than peripheral vision

A

Foveal magnification

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53
Q

Direct input from single set of photoreceptors

A

Center

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54
Q

Theory stating color vision is based on exciting one color and inhibiting its opposite

A

Opponent process theory of color vision

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55
Q

Optic nerve target that projects to primary visual cortex (V1). Visual perception. 90% of retinal axons

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus in thalamus

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56
Q

No long cone

A

Protanope

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57
Q

Respond to light falling in receptive fields. Antagonistic center-surrounded organization. Lateral inhibition. Communicate through graded potentials with amacrine and ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

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58
Q

A visual defect caused by the unequal curing of one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye, usually the cornea

A

Astigmatism

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59
Q

What path does light take?

A

It passes through cells then hits the photoreceptors?

60
Q

Less detail and color perception in this type of vision

A

Peripheral vision

61
Q

Six muscles that rotate the eye in all directions

A

Eye muscles

62
Q

What are the optical functions of vision?

A

Capture light and form detailed spatial images

63
Q

What is the correct term for colorblindness?

A

Color anomalous

64
Q

Responds to lines of a single angle for single eye, made of simple cortical cells. Hyper column part

A

Orientation column

65
Q

What is the stimulus for vision?

A

Light

66
Q

What does light do to rhodopsin and what does it do to cGMP?

A

Light breaks down rhodopsin, releasing enzymes that break down cGMP

67
Q

These cells are filled with light sensitive chemicals called photopigments

A

Photoreceptor cells

68
Q

Contain lodopsin

A

Cones

69
Q

What causes age related macular degeneration

A

Problems with the macula leading to blurred central vision

70
Q

Area involved in visual processing towards the top of the head that plays an important role in processing motion. Areas MT and MST

A

The dorsal stream (where/how)

71
Q

In this cell, the bipolar cell is depolarized (excite)

A

On center cell

72
Q

Composed of opsin and retinal

A

Rhodopsin

73
Q

Where does the nasal (central) view of each eye go?

A

Contralateral (opposite side)

74
Q

Rods only, no cones or only one type of cones

A

Monochromats

75
Q

Circular receptive fields found in retina and LGN are replaced with elongated stripe receptive fields in cortex

A

Visual cortex (striate cortex)

76
Q

What happens when enzymes created by light breaking down rhodopsin break down cGMP?

A

Fewer Na channels remain open and the cell hyperpolarizes

77
Q

About 50% of these fibers cross to opposite hemisphere at the optic chiasm

A

Optic nerve

78
Q

What is the resting potential fo rod outer segments in complete darkness?

A

-30 mV. Depolarized

79
Q

Part of the retina where light rays are most sharply focuses

A

Fovea

80
Q

Why is the eye extremely sensitive to pain?

A

Many pain receptors on cornea

81
Q

What wavelength causes the max response in long cones?

A

560 nm

82
Q

Optic nerve target that guides head and eye movement, visual reflexes. Receives 10% of retinal axons

A

Superior colliculus in midbrain

83
Q

Three targets of the optic nerve

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in thalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus, and superior colliculus in midbrain

84
Q

In between layers of LGN

A

Koniocellular LGN layers

85
Q

Layers 3-6 of LGN

A

Parvocellular LGN layers

86
Q

What is cGMP?

A

A secondary messenger that keeps sodium channels open in in the dark to allow depolarization

87
Q

Human have 3 different types: short, medium, and long

A

Cones

88
Q

What is prosopagnosia? What is it associated with?

A

Face blindness. Ventral stream

89
Q

A membrane on the retina that improves night vision in animals that have it, humans don’t

A

Tapetum lucidum

90
Q

Sensitive to dim light in the blue to green range of the EM spectrum (shorter end)

A

Rods

91
Q

Defect in one type of cone

A

Anomalous trichromats

92
Q

Theory supported by complementary colors and afterimage effects

A

Opponent process theory

93
Q

5 steps in the visual pathway

A
  1. ) R and L visual field to retina
  2. ) Optic nerve to optic chiasm to optic tracts
  3. ) 90% to LGN of thalamus
  4. ) Optic radiations to primary visual cortex (V1) in occipital lobe
  5. ) Secondary visual cortices
94
Q

What does dim light lead to?

A

Less hyperpolarization

95
Q

Where does the temporal (outside) view of each eye go?

A

Ipsilateral (same side)

96
Q

Where are the genes that produce photopigments?

A

X chromosome

97
Q

What does the light do photoreceptors?

A

Hyperpolarizes. Less glutamate

98
Q

Path from photoreceptors

A

Photoreceptors to horizontal cells to bipolar cells to amacrine cells to ganglion cells to axons of optic nerves

99
Q

Shape of receptive field elongated (lines not donuts)

A

Simple V1 cortical cells

100
Q

What are the neural functions of vision?

A

Transduce light into neural signals, then relay and process those signals

101
Q

What are bipolar cells?

A

One receiving and one transmitting branch

102
Q

Outer surface of the eye. Curved, transparent dome that initially bends incoming light

A

Cornea

103
Q

Medium cone defect (most common)

A

Deuteranomalous

104
Q

In this cell, the bipolar cell is hyperpolarized (inhibit)

A

Off center cell

105
Q

Area involved in visual processing toward the bottom of the head important for object recognition. Areas V4, IT and fusiform face are (FFA)

A

Ventral stream (what)

106
Q

Color theory based on combination of activity in short, medium, and long cones

A

Trichromatic theory

107
Q

Also known as primary visual cortex, Brodmann’s area 17, or V1

A

Striate cortex

108
Q

Photopic vision (bright light), color, high acuity, high density near fovea, humans have 6 million

A

Cones

109
Q

Receive input from bipolar, amacrine cells

A

Ganglion cells

110
Q

Missing one type of cone

A

Dichromats

111
Q

Layers 1 and 2 of LGN

A

Magnocellular LGN layers

112
Q

Contain rhodopsin pigment

A

Rods

113
Q

Complex cells in a hyper column

A

Movement

114
Q

This energy is abundant, travels quickly, and in straight lines

A

Electromagnetic energy

115
Q

How is the eye protected?

A

Located in bony orbit of the skull, cushioned by fat, eyelids/eyelashes/blinking, and tears produced by the lacrimal gland

116
Q

Visual pigments made. Contains chromophore to capture photons and an opsin protein

A

Inner part of photoreceptors

117
Q

Loss of transparency in the lens that can be solved with silicone implants

A

Cataracts

118
Q

Also known as the young-helmholtz theory of color vision

A

Trichromatic theory

119
Q

Innermost layer in back of the eye where light is converted to neural impulses. Contains visual interneurons and photoreceptors

A

Retina

120
Q

Changing the shape of the crystalline lens to focus on objects of varying distance

A

Accommodation

121
Q

Short cone defect

A

Tritanomalous

122
Q

How is light wavelength determined in the trichromatic theory?

A

Total activity across all 3 cones is used

123
Q

Requires more light the other photoreceptor to respond

A

Cones

124
Q

What 3 things can happen when light hits an object?

A

Reflection, absorption, or refraction

125
Q

Cytochrome oxidase blobs in hyper columns

A

Color

126
Q

Where blood vessels and optic nerve leaves the retina there are no photoreceptors. Compensatory mechanisms

A

Blind spot

127
Q

Transparent, gelatinous mass that fills space from cornea to pupil

A

Aqueous humor of anterior chamber

128
Q

What percent of males and females have colorblindness?

A

8% of males an 0.5% of females

129
Q

Form connections between bipolar, ganglion, and other types of this cell. Play a possible role in processing movement

A

Amacrine cells

130
Q

Located at the center of the macula and comes into play with central vision

A

Fovea

131
Q

Responds to input from either the L or R eye, but not both. Preferred orientation changes. Hyper column part

A

Ocular dominance column

132
Q

Theory supported by color blindness

A

Trichromatic theory

133
Q

Contains visual interneurons, photoreceptors, optic disk, macula, and fovea

A

Retina

134
Q

Transparent, gelatinous mass that fills space from pupil to retina

A

Vitreous humor

135
Q

When light entering the eye is focused behind the retina. Farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

136
Q

Ganglion cell axons bundle together and exit each eye through the optic disk, forming this leaving each eye

A

Optic nerve

137
Q

Nutrients from epithelium and visual pigment storage

A

Outer part of photoreceptors

138
Q

Scotopic vision (dim light), no color, low acuity, high density in the peripheral retina. Humans have 120 million

A

Rods

139
Q

Transmits imputes from retina to brain

A

Optic nerve

140
Q

Produce APs. Axons leave the eye as the optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

141
Q

What wavelength causes the max response in short cones?

A

420 nm

142
Q

Is there more neural activity in the dark or light?

A

Dark

143
Q

Indirect input from horizontal cells connected to photoreceptors

A

Surround

144
Q

How does a cell know when light is present?

A

It interprets the reduction of glutamate caused by hyper polarization as light

145
Q

The happy condition of no refractive error. Perfect vision

A

Emmetropia

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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