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Psych 3313 > Circadian Rhythms > Flashcards

Circadian Rhythms Flashcards

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1
Q

External cue that synchronizes or helps entrain (determine or modify) an organisms internal clock

A

Zeitgeber (time giver)

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2
Q

What happens to melatonin levels as per and Tim drop?

A

Melatonin increases

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3
Q

What happens when an SCN of one animal is transplanted into another?

A

The pattern returns to normal in the form of the other animals rhythm

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4
Q

How does jet lag impact professional sports teams?

A

Teams with phase advance jet lag were more likely to lose, make mistakes, commit fouls, etc.

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5
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus do in biological clocks?

A

It is the internal pacemaker that is the target of the retinohypothalamic tract

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6
Q

Examples of circadian rhythms

A

Body temp (lower at night), cortisol secretion (high in the morning), activity levels, and sleep/wakefulness

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7
Q

What do per and Tim inhibit?

A

Clock protein

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8
Q

What is always more active during light periods in nocturnal and diurnal animals?

A

SCN of the hypothalamus

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9
Q

What do melatonin signals do in seasonal rhythms?

A

Entrain circannual clock

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10
Q

When does phase delay happen?

A

Westward travel

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11
Q

Two types of jet lag

A

Phase advance and phase delay

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12
Q

What time are peak melatonin levels? What else is going on?

A

12-2am when per and Tim start to disintegrate

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13
Q

When is growth hormone release high and low?

A 
High = stage 3 and 4 deep sleep
Low = waking hours
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14
Q

Control morning activity and need light for entrainment

A

M cells

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15
Q

What backs up the fact that the SCN is a pacemaker?

A

Lesion studies, selective breeding, transplants, 24 and 20 hour hamsters

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16
Q

When does phase advance happen?

A

Eastward travel

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17
Q

What type of phase shift is fall back?

A

Phase delay. Analogous to westward travel

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18
Q

Humans our relationship to seasonal (circannual) rhythms

A

Equatorial animals, thus circadian rhythms dominate over circannual rhythms

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19
Q

The process of resetting the biological clock

A

Entrainment

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20
Q

What is shift maladaptation syndrome and who is it common in?

A

Sleep disorder caused by disruption of circadian rhythms and melatonin signaling. Common in people who work overnight shifts

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21
Q

An endogenous circannual clock, separate from the SCN but location unknown, runs at approximately 365 days

A

Seasonal rhythms

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22
Q

GRAPHIC ON 8

A

GRAPHIC ON 8

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23
Q

When is temperature high and low?

A 
High = waking hours
Low = sleeping
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24
Q

How do cortisol levels change throughout the day?

A

Highest in the morning and drop throughout the day

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25
Q

How do circadian rhythms contribute to symptoms?

A

Some symptoms are worse at different times of the day

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26
Q

What do the ganglion cells in the retinohypothalamic tract not rely on and what do they contain?

A

They don’t rely on rods and cones and they contain the photopigment melanopsin (blue light)

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27
Q

Any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24 hour cycle in the absence of 24 hour cues

A

Circadian rhythms

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28
Q

What releases melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

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29
Q

What do non-image receptor cells in the retinohypothalamic tract use?

A

Melanopsin

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30
Q

Larks vs owls

A 
Larks = morning people
Owls = night people
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31
Q

What is caffeine? What does it do postsynaptically?

A

Adenosine antagonist. Blocks adenosine receptors

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32
Q

Shift in activity in response to a synchronizing stimulus like light or dark

A

Phase shift

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33
Q

Where are the pineal gland and SCN?

A

In the pathway of the retinohypothalamic tract

34
Q

What are some treatments for SAD?

A

Phototherapy and antidepressants (SSRIs)

35
Q

What type of phase shift is spring forward?

A

Phase advance. Analogous to eastward travel

36
Q

A type of depression that results from insufficient amounts of daylight during winter months

A

SAD

37
Q

What question should physicians ask related to circadian rhythms?

A

What time is it and how can it be related to symptoms

38
Q

What does free running cause?

A

Approximately 25 hour rhythm, sleep onset slightly later each day

39
Q

When do levels of per and Tim start to decrease and why?

A

12-2am. Per and Tim disintegrate

40
Q

What does the activation of clock trigger?

A

The production of per and tim

41
Q

When do levels of per and Tim rise?

A

10:30 am - 12 pm

42
Q

What is intrinsic rhythmicity?

A

Rhythmic in the absence of inputs/outputs

43
Q

What does the night shift setting do?

A

Improves the ability to sleep by making screens show more red light

44
Q

What does the retinohypothalamic tract contain and what does it do in biological clocks?

A

Contains non-image receptor cells that use melanopsin to carry light info

45
Q

What two groups of circadian neurons are in the SCN?

A

M cells and E cells

46
Q

When are the highest levels of per and Tim and what does it cause?

A

7-9pm. Causes new production of per and Tim to stop

47
Q

What does the SCN of the hypothalamus follow?

A

Being rhythmic in the absence of inputs/outputs (intrinsic rhythmicity). Follows about same 25 hour rhythm when free running

48
Q

Active during the daytime and sleep at night

A

Diurnal

49
Q

What happens with light entrainment in amphibians and birds?

A

They have translucent skulls and photoreceptors in the brain and pineal gland receive light directly

50
Q

When are the lowest levels of per and Tim and what do they activate?

A

Dawn (7-8am) and they activate clock

51
Q

What does a lesion to the SCN cause?

A

Destroyed rhythm. No pattern

52
Q

What types of cells are the ganglion cells in the retionhypothalamic tract?

A

Non-image forming

53
Q

What areas are more at risk for SAD?

A

Far north and south

54
Q

How can one system can throughout the day?

A

It can vary on many different levels

55
Q

The hormone of darkness

A

Melatonin

56
Q

Where is the SCN of the hypothalamus?

A

Above the optic chiam in the hypothalamus

57
Q

What is the mammalian master biological clock that is the pacemaker of circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN)

58
Q

When is cortisol release high and low?

A 
High = mornings and dropping throughout day
Low = sleep
59
Q

What can a circadian rhythm do to other rhythms?

A

It can set them

60
Q

What does more exposure to light at night lead to?

A

A variety of negative effects

61
Q

No environmental cues like light (constant exposure to light)

A

Free running

62
Q

Inhibited clock activity, which decreases production of per and tim

A

High per and tim

63
Q

How are alertness and temperature related?

A

They are positively correlated. They are high in waking hours and low in sleep

64
Q

What can the disruption of circadian rhythms and melatonin signaling by unnatural zeitgebers cause?

A

Sleep disorders

65
Q

GRAPHS ON 37

A

GRAPHS on 37

66
Q

When are melatonin levels highest?

A

Sleep

67
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Opens the sleep gate but other systems must help us walk through it

68
Q

What releases growth hormone and when?

A

Pituitary gland during stage 3 and 4 deep sleep

69
Q

Control evening activity and need darkness for entrainment

A

E cells

70
Q

Active at night and sleep during the daytime

A

Nocturnal

71
Q

Is phase delay or phase advance easier to deal with and why?

A

Phase delay because it is easier to feel like you are going to bed later and waking up later than going to bed earlier and waking up earlier

72
Q

What can be expressed within a single system?

A

Multiple rhythms

73
Q

What does the pineal gland do in biological clocks?

A

Releases melatonin in the dark

74
Q

What does the retinohypothalamic tract consist of?

A

Ganglion cells that project to the SCN

75
Q

What causes SAD?

A

Overproduction of melatonin and lower levels of serotonin due to excessive reuptake

76
Q

Example of a circadian rhythm setting other rhythms

A

Light info from photosensitive RGCs entrain the suprachiasmatic nucleus pacemaker. The pacemaker sets motor activity, eating, and body temp

77
Q

What does clock promote?

A

Production of per and tim

78
Q

What do high levels of per and Tim trigger and when?

A

They inhibit clock, resulting in decreased production of per and Tim. Around 3-430pm

79
Q

Increased clock activity, which triggers production of per and tim

A

Low per and tim

80
Q

What causes disruptions of circadian rhythms and melatonin signaling?

A

Unnatural zeitgebers like night shifts, jet lag, daylight savings time, cramming, and light pollution

81
Q

What happens with light entrainment in mammals?

A

Light info goes from the eye to the SCN via retinohypothalamic pathway (starts in retina and goes to hypothalamus)

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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