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Psych 3313 > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Stage 3 of stress response

A

Exhaustion. Reserves of resources are depleted

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2
Q

How does stress arise?

A

When we deplete the resources we have to fight stress

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3
Q

What does cortisol binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus cause?

A

Less CRH release from hypothalamus which leads to less ACTH release by the pituitary which leads to less cortisol release by the adrenal gland

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4
Q

What does the hypothalamus use to communicate with the pituitary gland in the HPA axis?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

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5
Q

What NTs are released by the SAM system?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

What do more connections in the amygdala cause?

A

Earlier activation with less input

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7
Q

Communicates from the pituitary to the adrenal gland

A

ACTH

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8
Q

What things contribute to someone experiencing stress?

A

Short term vs long term, social support, personality, attitude, and locus of control

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9
Q

What NTs are released by the HPA axis?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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10
Q

What does more stress lead to in term of behavior?

A

Worse behavior which leads to a weakened immune system

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11
Q

Stress and the common cold

A

More stress = more likely to get cold but must be exposed to virus to get it

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12
Q

What changes are seen in neurons exposed to long term stress (cortisol) in the hippocampus and the amygdala?

A 
Hippocampus = Less spines, inhibited neurogenesis
Amygdala = More connections
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13
Q

This system provides a slower and longer stress response

A

Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

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14
Q

What does prolonged stress do in the HPA axis?

A

Disrupts negative feedback

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15
Q

What neurons are the most susceptible to apoptosis when there is too much cortisol and why?

A

Hippocampal neurons bc they contain the most cortisol receptors

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16
Q

Caused by an existing stress-causing factor or stressor

A

Stress

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17
Q

Stress that continues after the stressor is gone

A

Anxiety

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18
Q

How does maternal care impact stress (epigenetics)

A

Offspring with more nurture had milder HPA axis responses, more cort control, a good number of cort receptors

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19
Q

What are the 3 stages of the general adaptation response to stress

A
  1. alarm
  2. resistance
  3. exhaustion
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20
Q

This NT is helpful in small amounts but harmful in large amounts

A

Cortisol

21
Q

Pathway goes from hypothalamus to pituitary to adrenal gland

A

Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

22
Q

How is the HPA axis stopped from producing more cortisol?

A

Hippocampus has receptor sites for cortisol that act to inhibit excessive release of CRH

23
Q

Glucocorticoid receptor gene and epigenetics

A

More GR protein = calm down faster, good when need to explore and find food
Less GR protein = more prolonged stress, good in environment with lots of predators

24
Q

What does too much calcium cause?

A

The cell is so depolarized it cant get back to resting. Apoptosis

25
Q

Illness producing substances

A

Antigens

26
Q

What else does too much cortisol cause other than too much calcium entering cells?

A

Increases amount of NT release

27
Q

Communicates from the hypothalamus to the pituitary

A

CRH

28
Q

Pathway goes from nerve impulses to spinal cord to preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal glands

A

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM)

29
Q

What stress NTs are immunosuppressive?

A

Catecholamines and cortisol

30
Q

What types of personalities are at a higher risk for stress?

A

Competitive (type A)

31
Q

Increases energy by converting proteins to glucose, increasing fat availability, and increasing metabolism

A

HPA axis. Cortisol

32
Q

What is used to communicate between the pituitary and adrenal gland in the HPA axis?

A

ACTH

33
Q

This system provides a fast stress response

A

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM)

34
Q

Illness producing organisms

A

Pathogens

35
Q

What do studies for stress and depression share?

A

They are the same

36
Q

How is the HPA axis activated?

A
  1. sensory info about threat reaches amygdala
  2. amygdala sends signals to hypothalamus via stira terminalis
  3. paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus releases CRH
  4. anterior pituitary releases ACTH
  5. ACTH causes adrenal glands to release cortisol
  6. cortisol reaches neurons in brain causing inc release of NTs
  7. hippocampus has receptor sites for cortisol, acts to inhibit excessive release of CRH
37
Q

Stage 2 of stress response

A

Resistance. Continue coping using resources to cope

38
Q

Long term effects of cortisol on calcium and the cell

A

Increases the amount of calcium entering the cells which can be excitotoxic and cause neurons to go through apoptosis

39
Q

What area of the hippocampus has its cells destroyed in the presence of too much cortisol?

A

Cells in CA1 of they hippocampus

40
Q

Stress coping strategies

A

Good sleep, balanced diet, aerobic exercise, face to face social networking (oxytocin), cognitive restructuring

41
Q

What does the amygdala stimulate in the HPA axis?

A

CRH release in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

42
Q

Increases output from heart and liberates glucose from muscles for additional energy (gets us ready to go and uses our energy)

A

SAM system. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

43
Q

Increases cells and cell products that kill infected and malignant cells and protect the body against foreign substances and may increase neurogenesis

A

Acute stress

44
Q

Stage 1 of stress response

A

Alarm. Fight/flight response

45
Q

Where are glucocorticoid receptors in the HPA axis that are involved in negative feedback?

A

Hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Hippocampus most important

46
Q

Compromises the immune system, interferes with memory, appetite, sexual desire and performance, energy, mood, and makes you more vulnerable to disease

A

Chronic stress

47
Q

What can stress cause in the heart?

A

Inc blood pressure that leads to greater risk for heart attack

48
Q

What does prenatal stress cause in adulthood?

A

Increased volume in lateral amygdala

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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