Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 3313 > Reward > Flashcards

Reward Flashcards

1
Q

What can aggression lead to if not inhibited?

A

Violence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Involved with cognition, memory, attention, emotional behavior, and learning

A

Mesocortical dopamine pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Positive effect an object or condition has on the user

A

Reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do antisocial, violent people show?

A

Abnormalities of hypothalamic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Involves being against different species for food, few vocalizations, attack head or neck

A

Predatory aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 parts of the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A
  1. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
  2. Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
  3. Nucleus accumbens (NA)
  4. Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gene x environment interactions determining aggression

A

High and low activity versions of MAOA and child maltreatment and antisocial behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The target for the mesolimbic pathway in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

Nucleus accumbens (NA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Can brain damage cause aggression?

A

Possibly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Involved in pleasure and reward seeking behaviors, addiction, emotion, and perception

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Increases reactivity to threatening stimuli

A

Testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do impulsive brains lead to a higher risk of drug use/addiction?

A

Fewer or less functional D2 receptors leads to poorly regulated dopamine release which leads to high amounts of dopamine in response to natural rewards or drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Large white matter tract containing fibers from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens, olfactory regions, peri-amymdalaloid regions, and septal area

A

medial forebrain bundle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The dopamine release center of the mesolimbocortical dopamine release system

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The major reward pathway

A

Mesolimbocortical Dopamine System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The fiber pathway that connects structures in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does stimulation of the amygdala cause? Damage?

A 
Stimulation = aggression
Damage = tameness/calmness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Rhesus Monkeys and 5HT

A

Low in social hierarchy = low in 5HT. Attempt to increase status by initiating aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The subjective feeling of pleasure or satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward

A

Liking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do genotypes associated with violence increase?

A

Risk of alcoholism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does lateral hypothalamus stimulation cause?

A

Predatory aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does stimulation of the hypothalamus cause?

A

Rage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 examples of places reward can come from

A
  1. Reinforce pleasurable activities
  2. Behaviors beneficial for survival
  3. Behaviors associated with drug highs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When are dopamine bursts in the ventral tegmental area highest?

A

Right after an unexpected reward or in anticipation of a reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Carry a variety of functions, like inhibition of Ca channels and control of pacemaker activity

A

Postsynaptic D2 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Connects the midbrain and limbic system

A

Mesolimbic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Characterized by mouthing, hyper-sexuality, visual agnosia, loss of normal fear and anger, memory loss, distractibility, seizures, and dementia

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How does delay in reward relate to dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area?

A

No or short delay = highest firing and dopamine release

Long delay = lower firing and dopamine release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do the brains of impulsive people show?

A

Fewer or less functional D2 receptors

30
Q

Affects processing of aversive stimuli by limbic system

31
Q

Facilitates inhibitory activity of prefrontal cortex

32
Q

Involved in movement and sensory stimuli

A

Nigrostriatial dopamine pathway

33
Q

What does stimulation of the septal area cause?

A

Intense, pleasant sexual feelings

34
Q

How does the ventral tegmental area connect to the nucleus accumbens in the mesolimbic pathway?

A

Medial forebrain bundle

35
Q

What is the gene related to aggression?

36
Q

Bilateral loss of the amygdala

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

37
Q

What does the cortex do to the hypothalamus?

A

Inhibits it

38
Q

What does stimulation of the medial thalamus cause?

A

Unpleasant tactile irritation. Feels like bugs crawling on you

39
Q

Attacks to kill aggression

A

Predatory aggression

40
Q

Heritability and gens of aggression

A

Impulsive aggression heritability between 44-72 percent. Aggression can be selectively bred in animals

41
Q

Sometimes ___ is better than ___

A

Looking forward to reward, the actual reward

42
Q

Just for show aggression

A

Affective aggression

43
Q

What can some seizures, like temporal lobe seizures, cause?

44
Q

High levels of sympathetic nervous system activity in this aggression

A

Affective aggression

45
Q

What does electrical self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle lead to?

A

Reward. In rats, the will do this over everything else bc it gives a reward

46
Q

What does the MAOA gene do?

A

Produces monoamine oxidases

47
Q

The effects that rewards have in promoting learning

A

Reinforcement

48
Q

Wanting or craving leads to this whereas liking does not

49
Q

Increases in competitive situations

A

Testosterone

50
Q

What is important to note about most people with the low MAOA gene?

A

They are normal, law-abiding people

51
Q

The target for the mesocortical pathway in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

52
Q

3 dopamine pathways in the brain

A
  1. mesocortical
  2. nigrostriatial
  3. mesolimbic
53
Q

What NT is involved with wanting and addiction?

54
Q

Ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex

A

Mesocortical dopamine pathway

55
Q

Inhibits violence by influencing empathy

56
Q

What is prenatal exposure to testosterone correlated with?

A

Higher aggressiveness

57
Q

What happens to self-stimulation of the MFB if dopamine antagonists are infused into the nucleus accumbens?

A

Rewarding effect is blocked

58
Q

How is aggression related within species?

A

It is related to dominance

59
Q

Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

60
Q

Greatly valuing the reward now over a greater reward in the future

A

Temporal discounting

61
Q

Important for regulating dopamine release

A

Presynaptic D2 receptors

62
Q

Involves intimidation, not killing for food, vocalizations, threatening posture

A

Affective aggression

63
Q

How do presynaptic D2 receptors work?

A

Sense high concentrations of dopamine floating around in the synapse and inhibit the cell which released the dopamine and reduce the amount of NT it will release next time

64
Q

Low levels of this predict aggressiveness

65
Q

Important role in cost-benefit analysis. Mesocortical pathway

A

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

66
Q

What does medial hypothalamus stimulation cause?

A

Affective aggression

67
Q

No activity in sympathetic nervous system in this aggression. Calm heart rate

A

Predatory aggression

68
Q

Manages delayed gratification. Mesocortical pathway

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

69
Q

Reduces the inhibition of aggression normally managed by the cingulate and frontal cortices

70
Q

What does removal of the cerebral cortex produce?

71
Q

Rage without any cause

72
Q

The desire to obtain a reward. Great when you get it, but don’t have it yet

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions