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Psych 3313 > Reward > Flashcards

Reward Flashcards

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1
Q

What can aggression lead to if not inhibited?

A

Violence

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2
Q

Involved with cognition, memory, attention, emotional behavior, and learning

A

Mesocortical dopamine pathway

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3
Q

Positive effect an object or condition has on the user

A

Reward

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4
Q

What do antisocial, violent people show?

A

Abnormalities of hypothalamic function

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5
Q

Involves being against different species for food, few vocalizations, attack head or neck

A

Predatory aggression

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6
Q

4 parts of the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A
  1. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
  2. Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
  3. Nucleus accumbens (NA)
  4. Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
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7
Q

Gene x environment interactions determining aggression

A

High and low activity versions of MAOA and child maltreatment and antisocial behavior

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8
Q

The target for the mesolimbic pathway in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

Nucleus accumbens (NA)

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9
Q

Can brain damage cause aggression?

A

Possibly

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10
Q

Involved in pleasure and reward seeking behaviors, addiction, emotion, and perception

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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11
Q

Increases reactivity to threatening stimuli

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

How do impulsive brains lead to a higher risk of drug use/addiction?

A

Fewer or less functional D2 receptors leads to poorly regulated dopamine release which leads to high amounts of dopamine in response to natural rewards or drugs

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13
Q

Large white matter tract containing fibers from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens, olfactory regions, peri-amymdalaloid regions, and septal area

A

medial forebrain bundle

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14
Q

The dopamine release center of the mesolimbocortical dopamine release system

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

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15
Q

The major reward pathway

A

Mesolimbocortical Dopamine System

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16
Q

The fiber pathway that connects structures in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

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17
Q

What does stimulation of the amygdala cause? Damage?

A 
Stimulation = aggression
Damage = tameness/calmness
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18
Q

Rhesus Monkeys and 5HT

A

Low in social hierarchy = low in 5HT. Attempt to increase status by initiating aggression

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19
Q

The subjective feeling of pleasure or satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward

A

Liking

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20
Q

What do genotypes associated with violence increase?

A

Risk of alcoholism

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21
Q

What does lateral hypothalamus stimulation cause?

A

Predatory aggression

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22
Q

What does stimulation of the hypothalamus cause?

A

Rage

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23
Q

3 examples of places reward can come from

A
  1. Reinforce pleasurable activities
  2. Behaviors beneficial for survival
  3. Behaviors associated with drug highs
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24
Q

When are dopamine bursts in the ventral tegmental area highest?

A

Right after an unexpected reward or in anticipation of a reward

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25
Q

Carry a variety of functions, like inhibition of Ca channels and control of pacemaker activity

A

Postsynaptic D2 receptors

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26
Q

Connects the midbrain and limbic system

A

Mesolimbic pathway

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27
Q

Characterized by mouthing, hyper-sexuality, visual agnosia, loss of normal fear and anger, memory loss, distractibility, seizures, and dementia

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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28
Q

How does delay in reward relate to dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area?

A

No or short delay = highest firing and dopamine release

Long delay = lower firing and dopamine release

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29
Q

What do the brains of impulsive people show?

A

Fewer or less functional D2 receptors

30
Q

Affects processing of aversive stimuli by limbic system

A

5HT

31
Q

Facilitates inhibitory activity of prefrontal cortex

A

5HT

32
Q

Involved in movement and sensory stimuli

A

Nigrostriatial dopamine pathway

33
Q

What does stimulation of the septal area cause?

A

Intense, pleasant sexual feelings

34
Q

How does the ventral tegmental area connect to the nucleus accumbens in the mesolimbic pathway?

A

Medial forebrain bundle

35
Q

What is the gene related to aggression?

A

MAOA

36
Q

Bilateral loss of the amygdala

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

37
Q

What does the cortex do to the hypothalamus?

A

Inhibits it

38
Q

What does stimulation of the medial thalamus cause?

A

Unpleasant tactile irritation. Feels like bugs crawling on you

39
Q

Attacks to kill aggression

A

Predatory aggression

40
Q

Heritability and gens of aggression

A

Impulsive aggression heritability between 44-72 percent. Aggression can be selectively bred in animals

41
Q

Sometimes ___ is better than ___

A

Looking forward to reward, the actual reward

42
Q

Just for show aggression

A

Affective aggression

43
Q

What can some seizures, like temporal lobe seizures, cause?

A

Agression

44
Q

High levels of sympathetic nervous system activity in this aggression

A

Affective aggression

45
Q

What does electrical self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle lead to?

A

Reward. In rats, the will do this over everything else bc it gives a reward

46
Q

What does the MAOA gene do?

A

Produces monoamine oxidases

47
Q

The effects that rewards have in promoting learning

A

Reinforcement

48
Q

Wanting or craving leads to this whereas liking does not

A

Addiction

49
Q

Increases in competitive situations

A

Testosterone

50
Q

What is important to note about most people with the low MAOA gene?

A

They are normal, law-abiding people

51
Q

The target for the mesocortical pathway in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

52
Q

3 dopamine pathways in the brain

A
  1. mesocortical
  2. nigrostriatial
  3. mesolimbic
53
Q

What NT is involved with wanting and addiction?

A

Dopamine

54
Q

Ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex

A

Mesocortical dopamine pathway

55
Q

Inhibits violence by influencing empathy

A

5HT

56
Q

What is prenatal exposure to testosterone correlated with?

A

Higher aggressiveness

57
Q

What happens to self-stimulation of the MFB if dopamine antagonists are infused into the nucleus accumbens?

A

Rewarding effect is blocked

58
Q

How is aggression related within species?

A

It is related to dominance

59
Q

Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

60
Q

Greatly valuing the reward now over a greater reward in the future

A

Temporal discounting

61
Q

Important for regulating dopamine release

A

Presynaptic D2 receptors

62
Q

Involves intimidation, not killing for food, vocalizations, threatening posture

A

Affective aggression

63
Q

How do presynaptic D2 receptors work?

A

Sense high concentrations of dopamine floating around in the synapse and inhibit the cell which released the dopamine and reduce the amount of NT it will release next time

64
Q

Low levels of this predict aggressiveness

A

5HT

65
Q

Important role in cost-benefit analysis. Mesocortical pathway

A

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

66
Q

What does medial hypothalamus stimulation cause?

A

Affective aggression

67
Q

No activity in sympathetic nervous system in this aggression. Calm heart rate

A

Predatory aggression

68
Q

Manages delayed gratification. Mesocortical pathway

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

69
Q

Reduces the inhibition of aggression normally managed by the cingulate and frontal cortices

A

Alcohol

70
Q

What does removal of the cerebral cortex produce?

A

Sham rage

71
Q

Rage without any cause

A

Sham rage

72
Q

The desire to obtain a reward. Great when you get it, but don’t have it yet

A

Wanting

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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