Neurological Disorders Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Gene that makes people more vulnerable to AD and CTE
A
APOE e4 variant
2
Q
Outside the cell protein build up. AD
A
Amyloid B plaques
3
Q
Inside brain
A
Intracerebral
4
Q
When immune system overreacts to virus in other parts of body such as herpes, chickenpox, measles, or polio. Brain gets hit in crossfire, more common
A
Secondary encephalitis
5
Q
Aneurysms (bursting of a blood vessel)
A
Cerebral hemorrhage
6
Q
A neurodegenerative condition associated with aging that results in dementia
A
Alzheimers
7
Q
Clear edges. Easier to remove
A
Non-gliomas (meningioma)
8
Q
Always fatal, caused by prions, holes in the brain that shouldn’t be there
A
CJD
9
Q
80% of infected show no symptoms
A
West nile virus
10
Q
Ischemia and transient ischemic attacks, infarct/penumbra, thrombosis vs embolism
A
Sudden blockage of a blood vessel
11
Q
Higher risk for migraines in men or women?
A
Women
12
Q
2 things that are sign of AD and contribute strongly to it
A
Amyloid B plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles
13
Q
What is Kuru?
A
Creutzfeldt jakob disease in Papua New Guinea tribe
14
Q
Virtual reality therapy
A
Patients participate without expensive staff
15
Q
Spread through mosquitos
A
West nile virus
16
Q
Demyelination of axons that starts slow and gets more and more and affects white matter in different locations
A
Multiple sclerosis
17
Q
What causes TSEs?
A
Prions
18
Q
What limits chemo therapy for brain tumors?
A
The blood brain barrier
19
Q
Blockage of CNS vasculature leads to this, or low oxygen levels
A
Ischemia
20
Q
What causes physical damage to the brain
A
Open head injuries: penetration of the skull
21
Q
Can withstand sterilization, long incubation period, no inflammation
A
Prion
22
Q
Inflammation of the brain caused by viral infection
A
Encephalitis
23
Q
Symptoms of fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting
A
West nile virus
24
Q
When virus directly invades CNS (West Nile virus)
A
Primary encepahlitis
25
AD treatments
Experimental antibodies targeting amyloid B clear plaques, increasing seafood/omega 3 fatty acid intake, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics (dopamine antagonists)
26
Repetitive unprovoked seizures
Epilepsy
27
How can the APOE e4 allele be inherited?
As a dominant trait due to mutations in either the APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 genes
28
3 stages of CJD (kuru)
1. ambulant followed by laughing
2. sedentary (sitting/laying)
3. terminal (organ systems shut down)
29
In middle of meninges
Subarachnoid
30
Inside the cell protein clumps. Causes the cell to lose function and die. AD
Neurofibrillary tau tangles
31
Tumors that are rare, have unknown causes, radiation is a risk
Primary brain tumor
32
When do AD patients start to need care?
Moderate AD
33
Pain is like a band squeezing the head. Linked to stress
Tension headache
34
What causes 50-75% of all dementia?
Alzheimers
35
Excitotoxicity in ischemia
Oxygen starved neuron releases excessive glutamate that creates an overexcited injured neuron
36
Pain behind brow bone and or cheekbones. Linked to environment
Sinus headache
37
Flu like symptoms defined by neck stiffness, photophobia, and drowsiness
Meningitis
38
Causes increased nervousness and aggression, abnormal posture, incoordination, difficulty rising, decreased milk production, loss of body condition despite appetite
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
39
Blockage of blood vessels; lack of blood flow to affected area. 80% of strokes
Ischemic stroke
40
This is more common in higher altitudes due to lack of vitamin D due to lack of sunlight
MS
41
What are antipsychotics associated with in AD?
Earlier death
42
May lead to death of neural tissue, or infarct
Ischemia
43
Treatments for migraines
OTC pain relief (excedrin), SSRIs and triptans, botox injections, behavioral changes and avoid triggers
44
These work together to increase blood flow and pain in migraines
Trigeminovasuclar system (5HT) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)
45
Don't have clear boundaries/edges. Difficult removal
Gliomas
46
Treatments for traumatic brain injuries
Glutamate inhibitors, dopamine activity enhancers, NE reuptake inhibitors, patient and family education, virtual reality
47
Risk increases with age
Alzheimers
48
How does a stroke occur?
When the brains blood supply is interrupted by either a cerebral hemorrhage or the sudden blockage of a blood vessel
49
Types of seizure onset
Focal onset (has a specific place), generalized onset (spreads to whole hemisphere or Brian), unknown onset
50
Between dura and skull
Epidural
51
Inflammation of membranes that cover and protect the nervous system
Meningitis
52
Area of neural tissue susceptible to secondary damage that surround an infarct. Delayed damage. Ischemia
Penumbra
53
Clot floating in the blood that causes ischemia
Embolus
54
How do epilepsy medications work?
GABA agonists increase inhibition to try to bring excitation and inhibition back into balance
55
How do prions take over?
Abnormal form takes over and becomes dominant
56
How does ultrasound therapy help remove brain tumors?
Sound waves create gaps in BBB for chemo meds to get in
57
Where is the migraine generator located?
Brainstem
58
Causes atrophy of the cerebral cortex and neurodegeneration
Alzheimers
59
How do strokes effect the face?
Lateralization. They usually effect one side
60
Autoimmune condition that causes immune system to attack oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath) of CNS and Schwann cells of PNS
Multiple sclerosis
61
Bacterial (worst, has a vaccine), fungal, or viral
Meningitis
62
Clot attached to vessel wall that causes ischemia
Thrombus
63
Rupture of blood vessels; leakage of blood. 20% of strokes, more fatal
Hemorrhagic stroke
64
What are people with two copies of the e4 version of the APOE gene more likely to develop?
15 times more likely to develop AD than people without it
65
How can amyloid B plaques be found?
PET scans
66
Force can rip axons that causes problems with the vestibular system and problems walking
Axonal shear injuries
67
Two causes of ischemia
Thrombus and embolus
68
Injury at the primary site of impact
Coup
69
Core region of tissue death due to lack of oxygen. Less than 6 minutes. Ischemia
Infarct
70
Progressive cerebellar ataxia (loss of coordination/movement control) leading to death
CJD (kuru)
71
What is cognitive reserve?
People are impacted by brain injuries differently. Some people have more room for error due to brain size, synapses, IQ, education etc
72
Pain is in and around one eye. Linked to circadian rhythm
Cluster headache
73
Changes due to learning that is the target of rehabilitation. Timeline can span many years
Experience dependent neuroplasticity
74
3 types of injuries occurring to the brain
Direct impact injury, shock wave injury, and acceleration-deceleration injury (brain gets whipped around)
75
Seizures caused by flashing lights of specific intensity and frequency (3-30 Hz) that often originate in occipital lobe
Photosensitve epilepsy
76
Results in slurred speech, memory impairment, personality changes, lack of coordination, and Parkinson like symptoms
CTE/dementia pugilistica
77
Creates deeper sulci and ventricle enlargement due to loss of tissue filling in space
AD
78
Injury on opposite side from impact (the bouncing back from primary site)
Countercoup
79
Locations of hemorrhages
Intracerebral, subarachnoid, subdural, epidural
80
Pain, nausea, and visual changes are typical of classic form. Linked to neurovascular pressure/5HT
Migraine headache
81
Possible cause of multiple sclerosis
Exposure to viruses (especially Epstein-barr (mono))
82
Factors to address in neurocognitive rehabilitation
Changes to cognitive abilities, emotional changes, physical changes
83
Two types of traumatic brain injuries
Physical damage to the brain or closed head injuries
84
Surgery to treat epilepsy
Corpus callostomy
85
What is dementia?
A symptom caused by many different diseases (most often Alzheimers)
86
Free living microscopic amoeba. Brain eating amoeba
Naegleria fowleri
87
Brain tumor treatments
Surgical removal, radiation, stereotaxic radio surgery, chemo, ultrasound, thalidomide to starve tumors of blood, stem cells with anticancer genes
88
Between dura and brain
Sub dural
89
What causes closed head injuries (concussions)
Blow to the head, coup, countercoup, subdural hematoma, white matter damage
90
Diagnosed by autopsy (after death), biomarkers in CSF and blood, and PET and MRI scans
Alzheimers
91
This is more common in female but more severe in males
Multiple sclerosis
92
Treatments for epilepsy
Vagus nerve stimulation or deep brain stimulation, anti epileptic drugs, surgery, diet
93
Brain damage from repeated concussions
CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy)
94
APOE e4 gene and AD
Most people with AD don't have it but if you have it, its likely you will get AD
95
New treatments for ischemia
Block glutamate (antagonist or Mg) and slight hypothermia for 49-72 hours. Goal is to reduce excitotoxicity to decrease penumbra
96
Tumors that are typically encapsulated and generally do not recur following surgery (meningioma, medulloblastoma, CNS lymphoma)
Non-gliomas
97
Methods for improving cognitive function
Cognitive (top down) approach (find things that will generalize) and functional (specific tasks) approach (specific skills to help in daily life)
98
An infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form
Prions
99
General disturbance before migraine hits
Aura
100
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
```
Humans = Creutzfeldt Jakob, kuru
Animals = scrapie, mad cow, chronic wasting
```
101
What is the Kennard principle?
Younger brains more likely to be plastic than than older brains
102
Standard treatments for ischemia
Blood thinners and exercise/diet changes
103
Type of multiple sclerosis with continuous decline
Primary progressive MS
104
Tumors that arise from glial cells, meninges, and ependymal cells. Most common type of tumor until age 19
Secondary tumors
105
Ingestion of T. sodium eggs in contaminated pork products. Eggs hatch in stomach then larvae lodge in skin, muscle, eye and brain
Neurocysticercosis
106
Progression of Alzheimers
Mild cognitive impairment to mild AD to moderate AD to severe AD
107
Type of multiple sclerosis with periods of relief
Relapse remitting MS
108
EEG of focal onset and generalized onset in epilepsy
```
Focal = specific times of bursts
Generalized = all times of bursts
```
109
Biggest risk for vascular events
High blood pressure
110
Tumors that develop in glial cells and are about 70% of brain tumors (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, epyndymoma)
Gliomas
111
What do approved AD treatments do?
Slow down but don't revers the course of the disease
