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Psych 3313 > Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Neurological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene that makes people more vulnerable to AD and CTE

A

APOE e4 variant

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2
Q

Outside the cell protein build up. AD

A

Amyloid B plaques

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3
Q

Inside brain

A

Intracerebral

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4
Q

When immune system overreacts to virus in other parts of body such as herpes, chickenpox, measles, or polio. Brain gets hit in crossfire, more common

A

Secondary encephalitis

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5
Q

Aneurysms (bursting of a blood vessel)

A

Cerebral hemorrhage

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6
Q

A neurodegenerative condition associated with aging that results in dementia

A

Alzheimers

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7
Q

Clear edges. Easier to remove

A

Non-gliomas (meningioma)

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8
Q

Always fatal, caused by prions, holes in the brain that shouldn’t be there

A

CJD

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9
Q

80% of infected show no symptoms

A

West nile virus

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10
Q

Ischemia and transient ischemic attacks, infarct/penumbra, thrombosis vs embolism

A

Sudden blockage of a blood vessel

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11
Q

Higher risk for migraines in men or women?

A

Women

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12
Q

2 things that are sign of AD and contribute strongly to it

A

Amyloid B plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles

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13
Q

What is Kuru?

A

Creutzfeldt jakob disease in Papua New Guinea tribe

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14
Q

Virtual reality therapy

A

Patients participate without expensive staff

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15
Q

Spread through mosquitos

A

West nile virus

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16
Q

Demyelination of axons that starts slow and gets more and more and affects white matter in different locations

A

Multiple sclerosis

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17
Q

What causes TSEs?

A

Prions

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18
Q

What limits chemo therapy for brain tumors?

A

The blood brain barrier

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19
Q

Blockage of CNS vasculature leads to this, or low oxygen levels

A

Ischemia

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20
Q

What causes physical damage to the brain

A

Open head injuries: penetration of the skull

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21
Q

Can withstand sterilization, long incubation period, no inflammation

A

Prion

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22
Q

Inflammation of the brain caused by viral infection

A

Encephalitis

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23
Q

Symptoms of fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting

A

West nile virus

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24
Q

When virus directly invades CNS (West Nile virus)

A

Primary encepahlitis

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25
Q

AD treatments

A

Experimental antibodies targeting amyloid B clear plaques, increasing seafood/omega 3 fatty acid intake, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics (dopamine antagonists)

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26
Q

Repetitive unprovoked seizures

A

Epilepsy

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27
Q

How can the APOE e4 allele be inherited?

A

As a dominant trait due to mutations in either the APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 genes

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28
Q

3 stages of CJD (kuru)

A
  1. ambulant followed by laughing
  2. sedentary (sitting/laying)
  3. terminal (organ systems shut down)
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29
Q

In middle of meninges

A

Subarachnoid

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30
Q

Inside the cell protein clumps. Causes the cell to lose function and die. AD

A

Neurofibrillary tau tangles

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31
Q

Tumors that are rare, have unknown causes, radiation is a risk

A

Primary brain tumor

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32
Q

When do AD patients start to need care?

A

Moderate AD

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33
Q

Pain is like a band squeezing the head. Linked to stress

A

Tension headache

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34
Q

What causes 50-75% of all dementia?

A

Alzheimers

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35
Q

Excitotoxicity in ischemia

A

Oxygen starved neuron releases excessive glutamate that creates an overexcited injured neuron

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36
Q

Pain behind brow bone and or cheekbones. Linked to environment

A

Sinus headache

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37
Q

Flu like symptoms defined by neck stiffness, photophobia, and drowsiness

A

Meningitis

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38
Q

Causes increased nervousness and aggression, abnormal posture, incoordination, difficulty rising, decreased milk production, loss of body condition despite appetite

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

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39
Q

Blockage of blood vessels; lack of blood flow to affected area. 80% of strokes

A

Ischemic stroke

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40
Q

This is more common in higher altitudes due to lack of vitamin D due to lack of sunlight

A

MS

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41
Q

What are antipsychotics associated with in AD?

A

Earlier death

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42
Q

May lead to death of neural tissue, or infarct

A

Ischemia

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43
Q

Treatments for migraines

A

OTC pain relief (excedrin), SSRIs and triptans, botox injections, behavioral changes and avoid triggers

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44
Q

These work together to increase blood flow and pain in migraines

A

Trigeminovasuclar system (5HT) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)

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45
Q

Don’t have clear boundaries/edges. Difficult removal

A

Gliomas

46
Q

Treatments for traumatic brain injuries

A

Glutamate inhibitors, dopamine activity enhancers, NE reuptake inhibitors, patient and family education, virtual reality

47
Q

Risk increases with age

A

Alzheimers

48
Q

How does a stroke occur?

A

When the brains blood supply is interrupted by either a cerebral hemorrhage or the sudden blockage of a blood vessel

49
Q

Types of seizure onset

A

Focal onset (has a specific place), generalized onset (spreads to whole hemisphere or Brian), unknown onset

50
Q

Between dura and skull

A

Epidural

51
Q

Inflammation of membranes that cover and protect the nervous system

A

Meningitis

52
Q

Area of neural tissue susceptible to secondary damage that surround an infarct. Delayed damage. Ischemia

A

Penumbra

53
Q

Clot floating in the blood that causes ischemia

A

Embolus

54
Q

How do epilepsy medications work?

A

GABA agonists increase inhibition to try to bring excitation and inhibition back into balance

55
Q

How do prions take over?

A

Abnormal form takes over and becomes dominant

56
Q

How does ultrasound therapy help remove brain tumors?

A

Sound waves create gaps in BBB for chemo meds to get in

57
Q

Where is the migraine generator located?

A

Brainstem

58
Q

Causes atrophy of the cerebral cortex and neurodegeneration

A

Alzheimers

59
Q

How do strokes effect the face?

A

Lateralization. They usually effect one side

60
Q

Autoimmune condition that causes immune system to attack oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath) of CNS and Schwann cells of PNS

A

Multiple sclerosis

61
Q

Bacterial (worst, has a vaccine), fungal, or viral

A

Meningitis

62
Q

Clot attached to vessel wall that causes ischemia

A

Thrombus

63
Q

Rupture of blood vessels; leakage of blood. 20% of strokes, more fatal

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

64
Q

What are people with two copies of the e4 version of the APOE gene more likely to develop?

A

15 times more likely to develop AD than people without it

65
Q

How can amyloid B plaques be found?

A

PET scans

66
Q

Force can rip axons that causes problems with the vestibular system and problems walking

A

Axonal shear injuries

67
Q

Two causes of ischemia

A

Thrombus and embolus

68
Q

Injury at the primary site of impact

A

Coup

69
Q

Core region of tissue death due to lack of oxygen. Less than 6 minutes. Ischemia

A

Infarct

70
Q

Progressive cerebellar ataxia (loss of coordination/movement control) leading to death

A

CJD (kuru)

71
Q

What is cognitive reserve?

A

People are impacted by brain injuries differently. Some people have more room for error due to brain size, synapses, IQ, education etc

72
Q

Pain is in and around one eye. Linked to circadian rhythm

A

Cluster headache

73
Q

Changes due to learning that is the target of rehabilitation. Timeline can span many years

A

Experience dependent neuroplasticity

74
Q

3 types of injuries occurring to the brain

A

Direct impact injury, shock wave injury, and acceleration-deceleration injury (brain gets whipped around)

75
Q

Seizures caused by flashing lights of specific intensity and frequency (3-30 Hz) that often originate in occipital lobe

A

Photosensitve epilepsy

76
Q

Results in slurred speech, memory impairment, personality changes, lack of coordination, and Parkinson like symptoms

A

CTE/dementia pugilistica

77
Q

Creates deeper sulci and ventricle enlargement due to loss of tissue filling in space

A

AD

78
Q

Injury on opposite side from impact (the bouncing back from primary site)

A

Countercoup

79
Q

Locations of hemorrhages

A

Intracerebral, subarachnoid, subdural, epidural

80
Q

Pain, nausea, and visual changes are typical of classic form. Linked to neurovascular pressure/5HT

A

Migraine headache

81
Q

Possible cause of multiple sclerosis

A

Exposure to viruses (especially Epstein-barr (mono))

82
Q

Factors to address in neurocognitive rehabilitation

A

Changes to cognitive abilities, emotional changes, physical changes

83
Q

Two types of traumatic brain injuries

A

Physical damage to the brain or closed head injuries

84
Q

Surgery to treat epilepsy

A

Corpus callostomy

85
Q

What is dementia?

A

A symptom caused by many different diseases (most often Alzheimers)

86
Q

Free living microscopic amoeba. Brain eating amoeba

A

Naegleria fowleri

87
Q

Brain tumor treatments

A

Surgical removal, radiation, stereotaxic radio surgery, chemo, ultrasound, thalidomide to starve tumors of blood, stem cells with anticancer genes

88
Q

Between dura and brain

A

Sub dural

89
Q

What causes closed head injuries (concussions)

A

Blow to the head, coup, countercoup, subdural hematoma, white matter damage

90
Q

Diagnosed by autopsy (after death), biomarkers in CSF and blood, and PET and MRI scans

A

Alzheimers

91
Q

This is more common in female but more severe in males

A

Multiple sclerosis

92
Q

Treatments for epilepsy

A

Vagus nerve stimulation or deep brain stimulation, anti epileptic drugs, surgery, diet

93
Q

Brain damage from repeated concussions

A

CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy)

94
Q

APOE e4 gene and AD

A

Most people with AD don’t have it but if you have it, its likely you will get AD

95
Q

New treatments for ischemia

A

Block glutamate (antagonist or Mg) and slight hypothermia for 49-72 hours. Goal is to reduce excitotoxicity to decrease penumbra

96
Q

Tumors that are typically encapsulated and generally do not recur following surgery (meningioma, medulloblastoma, CNS lymphoma)

A

Non-gliomas

97
Q

Methods for improving cognitive function

A

Cognitive (top down) approach (find things that will generalize) and functional (specific tasks) approach (specific skills to help in daily life)

98
Q

An infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form

A

Prions

99
Q

General disturbance before migraine hits

A

Aura

100
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

A 
Humans = Creutzfeldt Jakob, kuru
Animals = scrapie, mad cow, chronic wasting
101
Q

What is the Kennard principle?

A

Younger brains more likely to be plastic than than older brains

102
Q

Standard treatments for ischemia

A

Blood thinners and exercise/diet changes

103
Q

Type of multiple sclerosis with continuous decline

A

Primary progressive MS

104
Q

Tumors that arise from glial cells, meninges, and ependymal cells. Most common type of tumor until age 19

A

Secondary tumors

105
Q

Ingestion of T. sodium eggs in contaminated pork products. Eggs hatch in stomach then larvae lodge in skin, muscle, eye and brain

A

Neurocysticercosis

106
Q

Progression of Alzheimers

A

Mild cognitive impairment to mild AD to moderate AD to severe AD

107
Q

Type of multiple sclerosis with periods of relief

A

Relapse remitting MS

108
Q

EEG of focal onset and generalized onset in epilepsy

A 
Focal = specific times of bursts
Generalized = all times of bursts
109
Q

Biggest risk for vascular events

A

High blood pressure

110
Q

Tumors that develop in glial cells and are about 70% of brain tumors (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, epyndymoma)

A

Gliomas

111
Q

What do approved AD treatments do?

A

Slow down but don’t revers the course of the disease

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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