Neurological Disorders Flashcards
Gene that makes people more vulnerable to AD and CTE
APOE e4 variant
Outside the cell protein build up. AD
Amyloid B plaques
Inside brain
Intracerebral
When immune system overreacts to virus in other parts of body such as herpes, chickenpox, measles, or polio. Brain gets hit in crossfire, more common
Secondary encephalitis
Aneurysms (bursting of a blood vessel)
Cerebral hemorrhage
A neurodegenerative condition associated with aging that results in dementia
Alzheimers
Clear edges. Easier to remove
Non-gliomas (meningioma)
Always fatal, caused by prions, holes in the brain that shouldn’t be there
CJD
80% of infected show no symptoms
West nile virus
Ischemia and transient ischemic attacks, infarct/penumbra, thrombosis vs embolism
Sudden blockage of a blood vessel
Higher risk for migraines in men or women?
Women
2 things that are sign of AD and contribute strongly to it
Amyloid B plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles
What is Kuru?
Creutzfeldt jakob disease in Papua New Guinea tribe
Virtual reality therapy
Patients participate without expensive staff
Spread through mosquitos
West nile virus
Demyelination of axons that starts slow and gets more and more and affects white matter in different locations
Multiple sclerosis
What causes TSEs?
Prions
What limits chemo therapy for brain tumors?
The blood brain barrier
Blockage of CNS vasculature leads to this, or low oxygen levels
Ischemia
What causes physical damage to the brain
Open head injuries: penetration of the skull
Can withstand sterilization, long incubation period, no inflammation
Prion
Inflammation of the brain caused by viral infection
Encephalitis
Symptoms of fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting
West nile virus
When virus directly invades CNS (West Nile virus)
Primary encepahlitis
AD treatments
Experimental antibodies targeting amyloid B clear plaques, increasing seafood/omega 3 fatty acid intake, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics (dopamine antagonists)
Repetitive unprovoked seizures
Epilepsy
How can the APOE e4 allele be inherited?
As a dominant trait due to mutations in either the APP, PSEN1, or PSEN2 genes
3 stages of CJD (kuru)
- ambulant followed by laughing
- sedentary (sitting/laying)
- terminal (organ systems shut down)
In middle of meninges
Subarachnoid
Inside the cell protein clumps. Causes the cell to lose function and die. AD
Neurofibrillary tau tangles
Tumors that are rare, have unknown causes, radiation is a risk
Primary brain tumor
When do AD patients start to need care?
Moderate AD
Pain is like a band squeezing the head. Linked to stress
Tension headache
What causes 50-75% of all dementia?
Alzheimers
Excitotoxicity in ischemia
Oxygen starved neuron releases excessive glutamate that creates an overexcited injured neuron
Pain behind brow bone and or cheekbones. Linked to environment
Sinus headache
Flu like symptoms defined by neck stiffness, photophobia, and drowsiness
Meningitis
Causes increased nervousness and aggression, abnormal posture, incoordination, difficulty rising, decreased milk production, loss of body condition despite appetite
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Blockage of blood vessels; lack of blood flow to affected area. 80% of strokes
Ischemic stroke
This is more common in higher altitudes due to lack of vitamin D due to lack of sunlight
MS
What are antipsychotics associated with in AD?
Earlier death
May lead to death of neural tissue, or infarct
Ischemia
Treatments for migraines
OTC pain relief (excedrin), SSRIs and triptans, botox injections, behavioral changes and avoid triggers
These work together to increase blood flow and pain in migraines
Trigeminovasuclar system (5HT) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)