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Psych 3313 > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in Broca’s aphasia?

A

Impaired speech production and writing deficits. Difficulty retrieving correct words for ideas they wish to express (anomia)

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2
Q

Loss of all language functions

A

Global aphasia

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3
Q

What do mice with human FOXP2 genes exhibit that is significant?

A

Enhanced ability to make transitions from a declarative to a procedural mode of learning

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4
Q

What happens in transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

Fluent speech with impaired cognition. Deficits in word meanings

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5
Q

Inability to write

A

Agraphia

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6
Q

What is observed in the brains of people who stutter?

A

Abnormal lateralization of speech areas and high activity in the basal ganglia

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7
Q

What is perseveration?

A

Pathological repetition of the same response for different questions

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8
Q

Speech remains fluent and comprehension is fairly good. Difficulty repeating speech

A

Conduction aphasia

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9
Q

What region of the brain shows increased gray matter density in bilinguals compared to monolinguals?

A

Left inferior parietal region

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10
Q

What happens in dyslexia?

A

Difficulty learning to read (affects 10-30% of population), poor phonological awareness, over-activation of rostral language areas, and lack of activation of posterior language areas

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11
Q

What brain arteries are involved in language?

A

Anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior cerebral artery

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12
Q

What usually causes stuttering?

A

Genetics

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13
Q

What types of fonts are hard for dyslexic people to read?

A

Digital fonts like the ones on scoreboards and times new roman

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14
Q

What could the FOXP2 gene be important in?

A

Health of the basal ganglia

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15
Q

What are neologisms? Where are they often seen?

A

Made up words and words meshed together. Often in people with Wernickes aphasia

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16
Q

What aphasia impacts life the least?

A

Conduction aphasia

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17
Q

What does American sign language combine?

A

Language (left hemisphere) and spatial processing (right hemisphere)

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18
Q

What is prosody?

A

The musical quality of language. Like elevating pitch in the last word to indicate a question

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19
Q

What areas of the brain was significantly impacted in developmental verbal apraxia?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen of basal ganglia

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20
Q

How is recovery from an aphasia determined?

A

If what caused it is resolved and age. Younger people recover easier due to plasticity. Most recovery occurs in the first year after it happens

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21
Q

When does the planum temporale show more symmetry than normal?

A

Dyslexia and perfect pitch

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22
Q

What can be seen in dyslexic brains compared to normal brains?

A

Less extensive connectivity in left hemisphere, more symmetry, and many more pathways in the right hemisphere

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23
Q

What is still in tact in Broca’s aphasia?

A

Comprehension and singing

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24
Q

Four structures of a language

A

Sentence, phrases, words or morphemes (meanings), and phonemes (sounds)

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25
Q

Language symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Neologisms, word salad, perseveration, clang associations, and echolalia

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26
Q

What happens in Wernickes aphasia?

A

Comprehension for both spoken and written word impaired. Speech is rapid and fluent but meaningless. Seem unaware they make no sense. Neologisms common

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27
Q

What are neologisms?

A

Creating/contracting new words for complex ideas

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28
Q

What do cells in the planum temporale show in dyslexia?

A

A lack of normal layering and arrangement of columns. They may have migrated into superficial layers

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29
Q

What happens in transcortical aphasia?

A

Speech is not fluent but words can be repeated. Affects higher cognitive aspects of speech production (generation verbs to match nouns)

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30
Q

What did the KE family have and what is it associated with?

A

FOXP2 mutation causing developmental verbal apraxia

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31
Q

What language can be taught to a baby to benefit it?

A

Sign language

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32
Q

What does the right hemisphere play a role in?

A

Prosody (musical quality fo language. Elevating pitch in last word indicated a question)

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33
Q

What happens to infants by 11 months?

A

They can only distinguish sounds in native language at home

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34
Q

Koko the gorilla and language example

A

Koko learned sign language but wasn’t always reliable. More operant conditioning than language

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35
Q

What is the dorsal pathway?

A

Conversion of sound to movement and speech. Dual stream language model part

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36
Q

What happens when the FOXP2 gene is knocked out in a knock out study?

A

Limited lifespan, developmental delays, fewer ultrasonic vocalizations, altered basal ganglia

37
Q

What is developmental verbal apraxia and what are symptoms of it?

A

A disability that causes trouble in speech due to a FOXP2 mutation. Symptoms: rigidity of lower half of face, can’t complete pronouncing a word, significant difficulty with consonants, stuttering, limited vocabulary, impairments in reading, writing, and verbal IQ

38
Q

What is the Wernicke-Geschwind model of language?

A

Broca’s area is responsible for speech and Wernicke’s area is responsible for comprehension. Most known and accepted

39
Q

When did language supposedly develop?

A

When tool use was developing

40
Q

What can infants distinguish at 8 months?

A

All speech sounds. All sounds from all languages

41
Q

Where are Broca’s and Wernickes area more commonly found?

A

Left hemisphere

42
Q

What area does not show typical hemispheric asymmetry in dyslexia?

A

Planum temporale. It is more symmetric in dyslexia

43
Q

What is asymmetry related to?

A

Dyslexia

44
Q

Treatments for stuttering

A

Reducing rates at which speech is produced and stress associated with the disorder and reducing stress in general

45
Q

What are the two pathways in the dual stream language model

A

Ventral pathway and dorsal pathway

46
Q

What is anomia?

A

Difficulty retrieving correct words for ideas they wish to express

47
Q

Fluency, comprehension, and repetition in the aphasias

A 
Brocas: no, yes, no
Wernickes: yes, no, no
Conduction: yes, yes, no
Transcortical motor: no, yes, yes
Transcortical sensory: yes, no, yes
Transcortical mixed: no, no, yes
Global: no, no, no
48
Q

What did patient tan have?

A

A giant hole in Broca’s area

49
Q

What happens when the human FOXP2 gene is knocked in in a knock in study?

A

Generally healthy, different ultrasonic vocalizations (frequencies or times), less exploratory behavior, less dopamine, increased dendrite length and synaptic plasticity in basal ganglia (ripe for learning procedural motor actions)

50
Q

Speech is rapid and fluent but meaningless

A

Wernickes aphasia

51
Q

Why aren’t reading and writing disorders typically diagnosed in young kids?

A

It takes time to develop reading and writing skills

52
Q

What is transcortical motor aphasia a less severe version of?

A

Brocas aphasia

53
Q

What are the visual symptoms of dyslexia?

A

Visual-perceptual difficulties (reading words backwards)
Confusing mirror image letters
Trouble fixating on printed words
Words appear to move around the page

54
Q

Where is Wernickes area? What does it do?

A

Located just below left superior temporal gyrus. Comprehension

55
Q

What are the three interacting language components and what do they show?

A

Language implementation, meditational system, and conceptual system. Shows it is hard to point to parts of the brain in language

56
Q

Differences between language and communication

A

Language includes syntax and generativity. Humans can produce novel sentences but animals can’t

57
Q

What is echolalia?

A

Repeating of words or phrases of one person by another

58
Q

The path connecting Broca’s and Wernickes area. Other pathways like it likely exist

A

Arcuate fasciculus

59
Q

What are clang associations?

A

Using words similar in sound, but not in meaning. Excessive rhyming

60
Q

Difference in human and animal FOXP2 genes

A

Found in different forms in different species

61
Q

Serious speech deficit that renders a person unable to communicate effectively; caused by damage to the brain. Problems with speaking, fluency, and comprehension

A

Aphasia

62
Q

What area has over-activation in dyslexia?

A

Rostral language areas

63
Q

What gene is related to language and when did it supposedly show mutations?

A

FOXP2. 100,000 years ago around tool use

64
Q

What is the heritability of dyslexia?

A

40%

65
Q

What are primary causes for aphasias?

A

Strokes

66
Q

Fluent, grammatical speech, but comprehension is impaired. Impact certain parts of speech like nouns, verbs, etc.

A

Transcortical aphasias

67
Q

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex do in language?

A

Acts as a switch between languages based on context. Dreaming in another language shows increased activity here

68
Q

What area has a lack of activation in dyslexia?

A

Posterior language areas

69
Q

What is observed in the brains of multilingual people?

A

More overlapping activity, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex acting as a language switch, and executive attentional processing by the inferior parietal lobe

70
Q

Lack of ability to speak clearly

A

Brocas aphasia

71
Q

Where are language production and comprehension almost always located?

A

Left hemisphere

72
Q

What are some positive outcomes of bilingualism?

A

Children perform better on tests of executive control (waiting for 2 marshmallows instead of taking 1) and it is associated with a delay in the onset of age related dementia

73
Q

What is word salad?

A

Unintelligible mixture of words and phrases

74
Q

At what age is a language retained better if it is learned at that age?

A

A young age. The younger the better

75
Q

What happens in a dyslexic brain while reading aloud?

A

Less activation of the angular gyrus and Wernickes area and increased activation of Broca’s area

76
Q

Difficulty learning to read

A

Dyslexia

77
Q

Problems with the Wernicke-Geschwind model of language

A

Too simplistic

78
Q

What do sign language users process differently from non sign language users?

A

Movement

79
Q

What happens in conduction aphasia?

A

Damage to Arcuate fasciculus causes difficulties with repetition of sentences. Impacts life the least

80
Q

What can the right hemisphere do if the left hemisphere experiences damage early in life?

A

Take over the language functions

81
Q

What brain structure covers most language areas and a stroke there would be almost certainly fatal?

A

Middle cerebral artery

82
Q

Sign language compared to a spoken language

A

Brain imaging shows same patterns of activation. Contains all aspects of spoken language

83
Q

Awareness of people with Broca’s and Wernickes aphasia

A

In Brocas, they know something is wrong. In Wernickes, they seem unaware they make no sense

84
Q

What is phonological awareness?

A

Linking specific sounds to meanings

85
Q

Normal speech and comprehension, but unable to read or recognize letters

A

Alexia

86
Q

What were supposedly the first types of languages?

A

Click languages

87
Q

Where is Broca’s area? What does it do?

A

Left inferior frontal gyrus. Motor speech

88
Q

What is the ventral pathway?

A

Conversion of sound to meaning. Dual stream language model part

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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