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Psych 3313 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens when the parasympathetic division is activated in initiating feeding?

A

Feeding behavior is stimulated

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2
Q

What does drinking more water cause in hyponatremia?

A

Worse conditions. Fave the fluid signal (ADH) mixed with more fluid

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3
Q

A fluid containing solutes

A

Solution

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4
Q

What is lipostatic theory and where can it be seen functioning in the body?

A

We are sensitive to the amount of fats we have. Receptors in the liver monitor fatty acids

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5
Q

What does the ventromedial hypothalamus do?

A

Participates in satiety (fullness)

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6
Q

Why do we eat?

A

Energy and nutrients, pleasure, and complex cultural and psychological factors

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7
Q

How is hyponatremia caused?

A

Extreme endurance activities caused by low extracellular fluid and low Na

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8
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

Neurons that change firing rate due to water tonicity

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9
Q

What parts of the brain are associated with the hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum, anterior pituitary, and posterior pituitary

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10
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

Aids in maintaining blood pressure (tightens blood vessels) and signals the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone which promotes retention of sodium by the kidneys

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11
Q

Solutions with equal concentrations of solutes. Goal

A

Isotonic

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12
Q

What leads to hydration?

A

Water + electrolytes

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13
Q

What percentage of body fluid is intracellular?

A

67%

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14
Q

What happens with ADH and Na levels in hyponatremia?

A

ADH is continuously produced which causes water retention and further reduction in Na concentration

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15
Q

What are causes of hypovolemic thirst?

A

Sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and blood loss (this is why a cookie and juice is given after blood donations)

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16
Q

Contains warm sensitive (30%), cold sensitive (5%), and other neurons (65%)

A

Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

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17
Q

What is sensory specific satiety?

A

When we reject food that’s too similar to what we’ve been having. We want variety

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18
Q

Thirst that is caused by eating. The consumption of liquids while eating

A

Prandial thirst

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19
Q

Part of the brain that detects and responds to cooler temps. Shows more neuronal activity when the blood is colder

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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20
Q

How is hyponatremia prevented?

A

Taking in electrolytes during and before extreme endurance activities. Consumption of salty snacks before/during endurance activities

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21
Q

What are prostaglandins?

A

A product of the hypothalamus that raises our temp set point

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22
Q

What are the mechanisms of hypovolemic thirst?

A

Results from lower volume of interstitial fluid, blood, or both.
Lower blood volume is sensed by receptors in the heart and kidneys
The wall of the heart muscle contains baroreceptors that measure blood pressure
As blood volume decreases, blood pressure decreases as well
The kidneys contain blood flow receptors that also respond to changes in blood volume

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23
Q

What does hyponatremia cause?

A

Hypovolemic thirst, cell swelling, severe headache

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24
Q

How is food regulated?

A

Ebb and flow of nutrient absorption and use (diff patterns in burning energy), short term and long term energy needs (save energy for use later), and body weight set point

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25
Q

Disorder of insulin production diagnosed in childhood or early adulthood

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

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26
Q

What does a lesion to the OVLT cause?

A

Reduced drinking in response to salty solution

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27
Q

What do kidneys secrete in hypovolemic thirst?

A

Renin

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28
Q

What are the endothermic responses to warm temps?

A

Perspiration (human default), licking and panting (other animals), and blood vessels dilate near skin surface

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29
Q

What does a constant need for energy with feeding occurring intermittently show?

A

We have to function in low and high caloric settings

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30
Q

Signals that encourage food consumption

A

hunger/appetite

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31
Q

How should weight loss be approached and why?

A

Small gradual changes are more impactful than extreme changes due to set point. Your body could think you’re starving with large changes

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32
Q

What are the areas of the brain associated with satiety?

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and nucleus of he solitary tract

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33
Q

What do antidepressants and serotonin syndrome cause?

A

GI distress, high fever, hallucinations, and possibly death. Very rare

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34
Q

What happens to urine production in hypovolemic thirst?

A

It is reduced to conserve fluid

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35
Q

Solutions with a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell

A

Hypertonic (shrivels)

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36
Q

What are upper value, lower value and set point?

A

Upper: triggers a response to counteract the increase
Lower: triggers a response to counteract the decrease
Set point: ideal value

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37
Q

Whats the chemical signal to retain sodium?

A

Aldosterone

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38
Q

Levels of ghrelin and leptin in hunger and satiety

A

Hunger: leptin low and ghrelin high
Satiety: leptin high and ghrelin low

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39
Q

A complex carbohydrate used to store energy in the liver. Long term energy storage

A

Glycogen

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40
Q

What does the Zona Incerta do? Where is it?

A

Initiates drinking. If it is stimulated, the animal will drink no matter what. Located outside the hypothalamus

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41
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Inflammatory markers released by leukocytes

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42
Q

How does a fever work?

A

In response to reduced inhibition from the warm sensitive neurons, cold sensitive cells increase their output which results in a higher temperature set point

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43
Q

What do low leptin and insulin levels stimulate the release of?

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP) from the arcuate nucleus

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44
Q

Thirst that is a response to low fluid level in the bodys cells due to diffusion

A

Osmotic thirst

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45
Q

What is the path temperature detection takes in the body?

A

Structural hierarchy from thermoreceptors to spinal cord through the brainstem to the hypothalamus

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46
Q

Three things in the body for assessing satiety

A

Stomach fullness, duodenal glucoreceptors, and cholecystokinin

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47
Q

Activates and directs behavior toward a goal. Imbalance in a state causes this. Has drive/push theories and incentive/pull theories

A

Motivation

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48
Q

What does the lateral hypothalamus do?

A

Participates in hunger

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49
Q

Disorder of insulin recognition by cells. Has an adult onset and obesity is a major risk factor

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

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50
Q

What happens to TSH and ACTH release in eating initiation?

A

Release is suppressed to slow metabolism

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51
Q

A pancreatic hormone that assists in moving glucose from the blood supply into body cells. Helps store glucose as glycogen

A

Insulin

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52
Q

Used for immediate energy, stored by adipose tissue, and causes release of hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) which is a satiety signal

A

Lipid/fat digestion

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53
Q

What is learned taste aversion?

A

Association of food with illness or poor nutrition

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54
Q

Sensory info from baroreceptors and osmoreceptors via vagus nerve

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

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55
Q

Signals that end food consumption

A

satiety

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56
Q

Direct sensing of blood and afferent sensory info from thermoreceptors in skin and coordinates thermoreceptors with behavioral responses to dissipate heat (panting, sweating, etc)

A

Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

57
Q

How is a fever triggered?

A

Pathogens activate leukocytes which release cytokines (inflammatory markers) which stimulate the hypothalamus which produces prostaglandins (raise our set point) which triggers a fever

58
Q

What does the paraventricular nucleus do?

A

Involved in the regulation fo hunger, metabolic processes (body temp, fat storage, cell energy use)

59
Q

What do amphetamines, cocaine, and MDMA (ecstasy) cause?

A

An increase in temperature. Dangerously high fevers in the case of MDMA

60
Q

Whats the chemical signal to retain fluid?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

61
Q

What area of the brain fires more as temperature increases?

A

Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

62
Q

What are the endothermic responses to cold temperatures?

A

Shiver, blood vessels constrict, thyroid hormone increases to boost metabolic rate (use more energy from food), social huddling (usually in other animals)

63
Q

What is learned taste preference?

A

Preference for flavor of food that contains necessary nutrients

64
Q

What fluids make up the extracellular fluid?

A 
Blood supply (7%)
CSF (less than 1%)
Interstitial fluid (surrounds cells 26%)
65
Q

Animals with a body temperature that changes with the temp of the environment. More sensitive to what’s happening in the environment. Behaviors regulate temps

A

Ectotherms

66
Q

What does the extracellular fluid contain higher concentrations of?

A

Na+ and Cl-

67
Q

Sports drinks relationship with hyponatremia

A

Sports drinks are still hypotonic (less Na than the concentration of blood) so will not completely prevent hyponatremia

68
Q

Where are glucoreceptors and what do they do?

A

Hindbrain in liver. Ones in liver influence insulin release by the pancreas. They monitor blood glucose to detect when it is low to let us know when we are hungry

69
Q

What does ADH do and when is it released?

A

Prevents you from peeing to save body fluid. Released in hypovolemic thirst

70
Q

Solutions with a lower concentration of solutes outside the cell

A

Hypotonic (swells)

71
Q

What percentage of body fluid is extracellular?

A

33%

72
Q

In hypothalamus, input from NST, SFO. Output to ZI

A

median preoptic nucleus

73
Q

Broken down into amino acids and used by muscles and other tissues for growth and protein synthesis

A

Protein digestion

74
Q

What are signals of hunger in the body?

A

Low blood glucose availability, lipostatic theory, and possible assessment of circulating amino acids

75
Q

What is aldosterone and when is it released?

A

Save the sodium signal released by the adrenal glands in hypovolemic thirst

76
Q

What happens to the parasympathetic division of the automatic nervous system during eating initiation?

A

It is activated

77
Q

What does cellular dehydration (hypovolemia) result in the release of?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin) from the pituitary gland

78
Q

What factors in selecting food?

A

Taste, sensory specific satiety, leaned taste aversion, and learned taste preference

79
Q

How is drinking stopped?

A

Fluid receptors in mouth, throat, and digestive system indicate enough fluid has been acquired

80
Q

What is the normal body temperature for humans and does it change?

A

Each person has a different normal that fluctuates throughout the day. Usually between 97.16 and 98.24

81
Q

How is drinking initiated?

A

Angiotensin II acts on subfornical organ (SFO). Nucleus of the solitary tract gets input from baro and osmoreceptors. NST and SFO communicates with median preoptic nucleus. Stimulation of zona incerta stimulates drinking

82
Q

What does too little Na lead to?

A

Reduced blood volume and pressure

83
Q

A pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen into glucose. Long term storage into immediate energy use

A

Glucagon

84
Q

Animals that generate metabolic heat to maintain internal temperature. Internal temp doesn’t change much at all with outside temp

A

Endotherms

85
Q

What is the central pathway of hunger?

A
  1. ) Glucose deficit sensed by liver via the vagus nerve (CN X)
  2. ) NST in the medulla
  3. ) Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and spreads out a bit when it gets to hypothalamus
  4. ) Release neuropeptide Y and agouti related protein in bloodstream
  5. ) Increase eating and reduce metabolism
86
Q

PAGE 31 OF NOTES

A

PAGE 31 OF NOTES

87
Q

A dangerous condition in which Na levels drop to 10% or more below normal

A

Hyponatremia

88
Q

This is a body response that is effective in fighting disease

A

Fever

89
Q

What does the intracellular fluid contain higher concentrations of?

A

K+

90
Q

What is pyrexia?

A

A fever

91
Q

How is osmotic thirst detected?

A

Deficit detected by organum vasoculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) in hypothalamus

92
Q

When solutes break into ions when dissolved

A

Electrolytes

93
Q

How is a response to osmotic thirst created?

A

OVLT detects deficit and deficit is communicated to median preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus to the Zona incerta where drinking is initiated

94
Q

What do NPY and AgRP do?

A

Communicate with the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamus (LH)

95
Q

Levels of leptin and its relationship to weight loss

A

High leptin when full. We make plenty of leptin but more often have trouble responding to it

96
Q

What drops as a function of time since last meal?

A

Insulin. Signaling its time to eat

97
Q

When does type 1 diabetes mellitus usually occur?

A

Juveniles. It has an early onset

98
Q

What does too much Na lead to?

A

High blood pressure

99
Q

Actively defend certain values or set points (temp, fluid levels, metabolism, body weight, pH, hormones, and many more) and require effort to maintain

A

Regulatory systems

100
Q

A type of simple sugar found in foods used for immediate energy use. Carbohydrate

A

Glucose

101
Q

What percentage water is the body?

A

70%

102
Q

Thirst that is a response to low blood volume because of a loss of extracellular water

A

Hypovolemic thirst

103
Q

What are the neurochemicals associated with satiety?

A

Leptin found in blood when body fat levels are high

104
Q

How is osmotic thirst caused?

A

Excessively high salt or sugar intake. Drinking a sugary drink with salty foods and needing another drink

105
Q

A peptide synthesized in the pancreas and stomach that is released during fasting and stimulates eating behavior

A

Ghrelin

106
Q

What is a fever and why does it happen?

A

A controlled increase in the core temp set point during an illness. Bacteria and viruses can’t survive the slight temp change. Letting a fever ride ends sickness quickest

107
Q

What does stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus do? Lesioning it?

A

Stim: stops eating
Lesion: Cant stop eating, obesity/higher set point, extremely picky eating habits (picking one thing and eating it all)

108
Q

What is Raynauds disease?

A

Extreme blood vessel constriction in the cold. Cuts of circulation to fingers and toes

109
Q

Part of the brain that detects and responds to warmer temps. Shows more neuronal activity when the blood is warmer

A

Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

110
Q

What are the three features of a homeostatic system?

A

A precisely defined set point, mechanisms for detecting deviations away from the set point (detect the problem by sampling current state), and internal and behavioral elements designed to regain the set point (fix the problem to get back to the set point)

111
Q

What is a major risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

Obesity

112
Q

What do neurons in the LH do in eating initiation?

A

Release melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). Associated with higher order motivated behaviors leading to feeding. Projections throughout the cerebral cortex

113
Q

What does leptin do? When can it be found in high levels?

A

Found in blood when body fat levels are high. High levels stimulate aMSH and CART to inhibit feeding

114
Q

Molecules that have been dissolved in fluid. Electrolytes

A

Solutes

115
Q

What is drive reduction theory of motivation?

A

Imbalance in a regulatory state causes motivation to get balanced. Take action to satisfy needs. Like a thermometer

116
Q

Example of adaptations among species to maintain body temp

A

Ear size in foxes of different climates

117
Q

What drops when fat stores are low?

A

Leptin levels. Signaling its time to eat

118
Q

What does AgRP do in the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Blocks MC4 receptors

119
Q

How does the way we think about what we are eating affect ghrelin and leptin release?

A

If we think something is supposed to be super filling, our ghrelin levels will drop lower and our leptin levels will rise after eating it even if it isn’t actually super filling

120
Q

What is body weight set point mostly determined by?

A

Genetics

121
Q

What do most homeostatic systems use?

A

Negative feedback

122
Q

Responds to angiotensin II

A

subfornical organ

123
Q

Why do people with pale skin turn red quickly in warm temperatures?

A

The blood vessels near the skin surface dilate in warm temps

124
Q

Examples of homeostatic systems using negative feedback?

A

Hot temp: More sweating, less temp

Cold temp: More shivering, more temp

125
Q

What does stimulating the lateral hypothalamus do? Lesioning it?

A

Stim: produces immediate eating behavior
Lesion: stops eating, starvation unless force fed

126
Q

This area of the brain involved in temperature has and needs to have a weak blood brain barrier

A

Preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

127
Q

What is cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

A hormone that is a satiety signal for when we have had enough fat

128
Q

Where is the OVLT and what does it contain?

A

Near the third ventricle. Contains many osmoreceptors

129
Q

This occurs when compensating mechanisms can’t keep core temp within the normal limits. Higher risk in young children and older adults

A

Hyperthermia (heat stroke)

130
Q

What does prandial thirst do?

A

Facilitates chewing and digestion

131
Q

What do ghrelin and orexins do?

A

Stimulate feeding behavior

132
Q

When the body temp falls too low

A

Hypothermia

133
Q

What are external cues for hunger?

A

Time of day, sight and smell of food, or social setting

134
Q

In midbrain, connections to motor areas, initiates drinking behaviors

A

Zona incerta

135
Q

This happen during menopause as a result of decreasing estrogen

A

Hot flashes

136
Q

A type of mechanoreceptor sensory neuron that is excited by stretch and inhibited by relaxation of the blood vessels

A

Baroreceptors

137
Q

A peptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus that stimulates hunger (AKA hypocretin)

A

Orexin

138
Q

What does secreted renin from the kidneys lead to?

A

Increased angiotensin II production

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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