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Psych 3313 > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Treatments for depression that aren’t psychotherapy or medications?

A

Aerobic exercise, mediation/mindfulness, brain stimulation, ECT, TMS, DBS. Good for body = good for mind

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2
Q

Bridge between the psychotic disorders and depressive disorders

A

Bipolar disorder

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3
Q

Reduced gray matter density and cortical thickness, smaller white matter volume, thinner parahippocampus, thinner right orbitofrontal cortex, thicker temporoparietal and left superior motor cortices

A

Bipolar disorder

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4
Q

What is important about the depression risk without any stressful life events?

A

It is greater than 0 for all people

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5
Q

Concordance rate among identical twins in bipolar disorder

A

70-80%

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6
Q

How is the HPA axis involved in MDD?

A

Can create increased levels of cort leading to sustained stress and depression

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7
Q

What meds are used to treat depression?

A

MAOI, SSRI, SNRI

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8
Q

What do effective antidepressant drugs do?

A

Increase monoamine activity

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9
Q

Play an essential role in regulation of sleep and wake cycles

A

Monoamines (5HT, SAD, NE are wake NTs)

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10
Q

Symptoms of bipolar disorder

A

Mania and depression

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11
Q

How does inflammation relate to depression?

A

Inflammation leads to dec NT metabolism, dec neurogenesis, inc glutamate excitotoxicity which leads to altered neurocircuitry which leads to depression

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12
Q

What does oxidative stress cause in bipolar disorder?

A

More apoptosis, higher amounts of DNA damage, accelerated aging similar to dementia

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13
Q

Functions as a hard reset of the brain. Not plan A

A

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

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14
Q

Why do depression patients show more NE and 5HT receptors but have less of the NTs?

A

Their bodies are trying to increase the chances of binding

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15
Q

Reduced volumes in the hippocampus and amygdala, reduced left frontal lobe activity and right parietal lobe activity, abnormal anterior cingulate cortex activity during decision making

A

Depression structural abnormalities

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16
Q

What stages of sleep are seen in depression patients?

A

No stage 3 and 4 and too much REM sleep and wakeful episodes

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17
Q

The Dutch Hunger Winter of 44-45 and depression

A

Stressful environment lead to more depression cases

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18
Q

What does the monoamine theory state?

A

Increasing monoamine activity effectively helps treat depression

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19
Q

What NTs do depression meds target?

A

5HT and NE (wakeful NTs)

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20
Q

Block 5HT reuptake

A

SSRIs

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21
Q

Block NE reuptake

A

SNRIs

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22
Q

What psychotherapy is used to treat depression?

A

CBT

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23
Q

What is oxidative stress (more free radicals) related to?

A

Bipolar disorder

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24
Q

Block reuptake of NE only, but have many side effects

A

Tricyclins

25
Q

Better at not having sexual side effects compared to SSRIs

A

SNRIs

26
Q

What often serves as a trigger for depressive episodes and why?

A

Stress bc of prolonged cortisol release

27
Q

What do drugs that block neurogenesis also prevent? IMPORTANT

A

Therapeutic effects of antidepressants

28
Q

What must accompany the short 5HT transporter gene for depression to come about?

A

Stressful life events

29
Q

Block enzyme that degrades 5HT and NE in the terminals

A

MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

30
Q

What happens in accelerated aging caused by oxidative stress in bipolar disorder?

A

Inflammation, more amyloid and less neurotrophic activity, earlier onset and higher rates of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and autoimmune disease

31
Q

Increased levels of what have been found in depression patients and patients who died by suicide?

A

Increased ACTH and glucocorticoids (cortisol)

32
Q

These meds have a high risk for high blood pressure and cardiovascular side effects

A

MAOIs

33
Q

Why do many BD patients stop using lithium?

A

Toxicity and side effects

34
Q

Depression patients circadian rhythms

A

Irregular or missing circadian rhythms rather than orderly phase advance or delay

35
Q

How can mani be linked to creativity?

A

It can be focuses on a specific task

36
Q

What is found in the brain and CSF of patients who die by suicide?

A

Lower concentrations of 5HT

37
Q

Characterized by at least 1 lifetime episode of mania, usually followed by depression period but not required for diagnosis

A

Bipolar disorder

38
Q

What can antidepressants and ECT stimulate in the hippocampus? IMPORTANT

A

Neurogenesis in the hippocampus

39
Q

What are some examples of monoamines?

A

5HT, NE, epinephrine, dopamine

40
Q

How does the short version of the 5HT transporter gene account for an inc risk of depression?

A

Less transcription of the transporter gene accounts for depression and anxiety traits and changes in brain structure

41
Q

What medication is used to treat bipolar disorder (especially manic phase)?

A

Lithium salts

42
Q

HPA axis pathway and how it contributes to MDD

A
  1. sensory info about perceived threat to amygdala
  2. hypothalamus released CRH
  3. anterior pituitary releases ACTM
  4. adrenal glands release cort
  5. body prepares for fight or flight
  6. hippocampus receptors for cort act to inhibit CRH release
  7. feedback loop doesn’t function properly in depression patients
43
Q

What is dexamethasone and how does it impact depression patients?

A

Potent synthetic glucocorticoid that normally results in the suppression of cortisol release. In depression patients, about 75% don’t show the expected suppression of cort. The HPA axis isn’t shut off

44
Q

Block ACh (blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention), block histamine (sedation), and have sympathetic effects (postural hypotension, dizziness, irregular heartbeat

A

Tricyclins

45
Q

Bipolar disorder heritability

A

More than 80%. Highest out fo all psych disorders

46
Q

What is neurogenesis correlated with in MDD? IMPORTANT

A

MDD remission (recovery)

47
Q

Prenatal events may contribute to a vulnerability for this

A

Depression

48
Q

What correlation do omega 3 fatty acids have with BD?

A

More omega 3s (seafood) leads to less risk for BD

49
Q

Biochemistry of manic and depressive episodes

A 
Mania = enhanced NE
Depression = decreased 5HT
50
Q

How can sleep deprivation reduce depression?

A

It takes away the excess REM sleep experienced in depression patients

51
Q

Side effects include weight gain, dizziness, loss of labido (sexual desire)

A

SSRIs

52
Q

Levels out mood fluctuations, promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampus, produces antioxidant effects (prevents free radical damage)

A

Lithium salts

53
Q

Bipolar brain abnormalities are similar to what other disorder?

A

Schizophrenia

54
Q

What must patients using MAOIs avoid?

A

Alcohol, foods containing tyramine (hard lifestyle to maintain)

55
Q

Linked to enhanced creativity

A

Bipolar disorder

56
Q

Treatments for bipolar disorder

A

CBT, lithium, lifestyle changes

57
Q

When is bipolar disorder normally diagnosed? How much of pop? Women to men?

A

25, 0.8, 3:2

58
Q

Effective used of SSRIs and SNRIs?

A

Use them together

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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